Application to motivational theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application to motivational theories - Essay Example In addition, the model does not focus on agent feedback, dealing with others, and time pressure, which are also important job characteristics. Due to changes in organisations and the environment, application of motivation has moved away from psychology to engineering. Today, approaches to job design depend on different scientific disciplines including engineering and psychology. Mechanistic approaches are applied to job design in the areas of work simplification and time and motion study, which have their basis in industrial engineering. Money matters to some people more than others, and this has made it a motivator in current management. However, to other people, money does not matter so much; since factors such as the way employees are treated at their work places sometimes matter more than money. Despite these facts, money can act as a motivator to different kinds of employees, for example people in developed and underdeveloped nations for various reasons. According to Hackman and Oldham, experience of certain psychological states by individuals motivates them towards their jobs, and gives them job satisfaction. These psychological states include â€Å"experienced meaningfulness of work, experienced responsibilities for outcomes of the work, and knowledge of actual results of the work activities† (Grant, 2003, p. 110). The psychological states create a positive effect that boosts job motivation. However, the psychological states are only created when a job has skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and job feedback. Skill variety, task identity, and task significance promote employees experienced meaningfulness at work. A level of autonomy creates personal responsibility for the outcome of the work, and good job feedback increases knowledge of the actual results of work activities on the part of employees. The Job

Roles of Managers and Individuals Essay Example for Free

Roles of Managers and Individuals Essay There is one thing that is a constant within any organization which is change. Change is undeniable and inevitable. Change is what leads to progress. Structures, procedures, systems and policies and systems or just a few forms of change which an organization will use when utilizing change. When an organization undergoes goes there is a focus on the behaviors as well as the results based production delivered by its employees. When employees engage themselves in the change process while taking ownership of the processes in place, the organization will obtain value. Management at the executive level to the supervisors on the front line will all play a role in the process of change. The following will examine the roles of managers, change agents that are used, as well as the management’s role in combating resistance, and championing change. Roles of Managers â€Å"The ultimate goal of change management is to engage employees and encourage their adoption of a new way of doing their jobs.† (Change Management Learning Center, 2014). There are several key management roles in the change process such as a project team, intermediate level managers and supervisors and finally executives and senior management. Senior-level managers and executives have many roles such as visibility and participation throughout the entire duration of the project, communicate with employees, manage resistance and build a group of strong leaders for the future. An effective way to predict the success of a project is through strong leadership. Front line supervisors and intermediate-level managers also manage resistance in addition to the roles of coaching, advocating, communicating and acting as a liaison for upper management to the  individuals. Employees prefer hearing the risks and rewards that come from change and how it will affect the staff on a day to day basis from their direct manager as this is who they built a report with. Managers act as the voice of the organization and must be advocates of change whether they agree with it or not. The manager’s job is to prevent resistance from employees, take direction while providing feedback to the team and helping with the individual transitions of the employees. When dealing with the change process, the role of the individual is the acceptance of altering the day to day operations while using the solutions of change. The employees are in charge of controlling the changes and alterations in their particular division or area. The employees also act as the main source of feedback regarding the changes as they are on the â€Å"front line† and see all of these changes first hand. Change Agents Whether the organization is large or small, it will need a change agent to undergo the change process. A change agent is defined as â€Å"individual or group that undertakes the task of initiating and managing change in an organization† (Lunenburg, 2010). A change agent will either be internal, which consists of managers, supervisors or any employee that is in charge of the over-sight of the change, or external, which consists of any third party firms or consultants. Internal Change Agents Internal change agents consist of individuals that provide training, knowledge, personal perspectives, procedures in problem solving, skill building, data gathering to evaluate processes and assistance with team learning within groups. Internal changes agents will invest themselves personally in the change and have knowledge of the organization’s culture, issues, employees and environment. External Change Agents External change agents are used to make large organizational overhauls and massive changes. These change agents are brought in from outside the organization and are used to provide an unbiased perspective of the situation and push the organization to think outside of the norm.The draw-backs of external change agents are availability ( as they will have other clients), cost, and time ( to become familiar with the way the organization runs its business). Combating Resistance The first step in combating resistance is to realize that not all employees are going to resist the changes. Once the employees who do resist are identified it’s important for management to identify how each employee will respond best when feeling resistant. Managers would be best served looking for signs of resistance that include sabotage, blaming and intimidation. Once these symptoms have been identified management must utilize the correct approach with which they use for the employee. Some of these approaches include: Resistance Cycle- This approach includes the psychological stages such as resistance and denial. Situational Approach- This is a combination of six methods that range from communication to education to implicit and explicit coercion. Thought Self-Leadership- This process involves leading through persuasion using the thoughts of the individual. Successful leadership involves identifying and understanding the differences between the two styles of resistance, passive and active. Once this is done, action may be taken to squash any resistance the employees have created. Championing Change Championing change begins in the hiring and grooming process. Organizations are committed to choosing the best available candidates that will flourish and blossom into the leaders of the future. The organization must identify the changes they are looking to make and then choose employees that will best format to those changes, Once the employees have been selected, they must be given all the tools needed to transition the organization to where it wants to go, this includes training and education. Finally, feedback needs to be given throughout the process to ensure that all agreed upon changes are being completed successfully and are accomplishing desired  objectives. There is one thing that is a constant within any organization which is change. Change is undeniable and inevitable. Utilizing change agents, having active leadership and management with the ability to communicate, and sustaining a positive relationship with the employees are sure fire ways to ensure a seamless transiti on through change. References Change Management Learning Center. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-job-roles-mod2.htm Lunenburg, F.C. (2010). Managing Change: The role of the change agent. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 13(1), 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C. %20Managing%20Change%20The%20Role%20of%20Change%20Agent%20IJMBA,%20V13%20N1%202010.pdf

We Still Need Affirmative Action Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Top

We Still Need Affirmative Action You are a New York City taxicab driver, a very dangerous profession in our society. A young African American male hails you late at night. You observe the male's clothing and decide that this may be trouble. Despite your obligation to pick him up, you drive on. Was your decision to racially discriminate a significant one? Dinesh D' Souza, a former editor of The university newspaper, does not seem to think so. In his recent visit to the campus and in a debate over affirmative action, D'Souza asserted that racism, although it may still exist, is no longer holding back the African American community and is not a justification for affirmative action. As D'Souza writes in his book, The End of Racism, "Racism undoubtedly exists, but it no longer has the power to thwart blacks or any other grouping achieving their economic, political, and social aspirations. It cannot be denied that African Americans suffer the slights in terms of taxi drivers who pass them by, pedestrians who treat them as a security risk, banks that are reluctant to invest in black neighborhoods, and other forms of continued discrimination." Mr. D'Souza, although he may not realize it, has pinpointed the importance that race still plays in our society. Race matters. It matters to the taxicab driver who sees a young black male as a mugger; to the cop who assumes that a black male in a nice car is the likely perpetrator of a crime; to the shopkeeper who follows the minority around the store. These are not minor inconveniences. These are barriers to opportunity. Mr. D'Souza argues that the taxicab driver who drives away is playing the odds in his favor. Why? Because the taxicab driver has incomplete information. The cabbie i... ...ight choose not to question a number of things. D'Souza does not realize the fundamental truth of his own conclusions; that his life experiences were essential to his perspective. We, the students of univeristy, are here to learn. The pedagogical framework that is the college learning environment is principally built on the intellectual and social interactions of the student body. We learn from each other. We learn when what we believe based on our experience conflicts with the perspective of another. We learn when those who have been treated differently question our assumptions. In this learning, in the classroom and outside, race matters. Experience is fundamentally altered by race. In an academic community that looks to learn, diversity of race is essential. Dinesh D'Souza is wrong: race still matters. There is still justification for affirmative action.

An Open Letter to Black Parents Essay

In renowned sports figure, Arthur Ashe’s, â€Å"An Open Letter to Black Parents: Send Your Children to Libraries,† he talks about the fact that a college education is more important than the perks of becoming a professional athlete. While attending UCLA, Ashe came to the conclusion that African Americans were more caught up in the hype of one day becoming a professional athlete, rather than obtaining a lasting college education/diploma. Ashe believes that African Americans should â€Å"re-write† their persona into one of profoundness and professionalism. Arthur Ashe states that the role models of the African American society are primarily composed of athletes. Therefore, the young children in that society tend to model themselves after those people. Instead, Ashe wants to have those role models spread a message that a college education is far more important than being a professional athlete. For example, Ashe has stated many times to high school students that, â€Å"For every hour you spend on the athletic field, spend two in the library.† These words are a very powerful message, especially to young adults still searching for their call in this world. In conclusion, although Arthur Ashe may be recognized as one of the greatest tennis players of his generation, his college diploma from UCLA is his proudest moment in life.   In Richard Rodriguez’s â€Å"Complexion† he talks about the racism he experienced as a child. Rodriguez places a lot of emphasis on rhetorical devices throughout his essay. The rhetorical devices that Rodriguez primarily uses is, description and symbolism. Through using these two rhetorical devices, Rodriguez is able to relate to the reader in a more personal level, in my opinion. Through description, Rodriguez is able to elaborate on certain details. Through using symbolism, he expresses the  emotions and feelings that he feels. Richard Rodriguez writes this essay in order to inform people of the racism that he has experienced. Since Rodriguez was the one experiencing the racism, his essay coincides nicely with the rhetorical devices that he chose. Rodriguez is of the Mexican culture and he recalls times when he was a kid where he was being discriminated. Rodriguez writes that as a young child he was insulted and name called for being of the Mexican culture. He writes how he would never retaliate with another insult back because he would be so embarrassed. The reason as to why Rodriguez was being discriminated was because of his â€Å"complexion.† Through reading this story, it is just another example of how ignorant people are. There are many stories about how people have been discriminated against just due to the fact that they are from a different culture. Richard Rodriguez did the right thing in not retaliating or doing something stupid, in order to not suffer any consequences. Summary: â€Å"Don’t let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgments† In Robert Heilbroner’s, â€Å"Don’t let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgments,† he talks about the affects of stereotyping. Heilbroner discusses that stereotyping is evident in just about everywhere we are. The affects that stereotyping has on a person, as stated by Heilbroner, is it makes us lazy thinkers, and is harmful to those whom we are stereotyping. Heilbroner’s suggests that people who stereotype, do it â€Å"because it helps make sense out of a highly confusing world† (Heilbroner 373). This makes sense because we try to come up with answers to things we do not understand. Another theory that Heilbroner suggests as to why people stereotype, is because we are raised with a certain mindset about people. In his story Heilbroner gives the reader three ways to get rid of stereotyping. His first suggestion is to â€Å"become aware of the standardized pictures in our heads, in other people’s heads, in the world around us† (Heilbroner 374). The second suggestion is that â€Å"we can become suspicious of all judgments that we allow exceptions to prove† (Heilbroner 374). And lastly Heilbroner  suggests that â€Å"we can learn to be chary of generalizations of people† (Heilbroner 375). After reading Robert Heilbroner’s essay, I became more aware to the large amounts of stereotyping that occurs in today’s society. Although I was already aware, stereotyping not only has a negative effect on the person stereotyping, but on the person that is being stereotyped. Through stereotyping, one opens up a path that encourages horrible things such as racism and ignorance.

Edward Scissorhands Question Sheet

Discussion Questions on Edward Scissorhands As you watch the movie you will need to take notes to answer these questions. The purpose of this film is to get you ready for the next role we will look at in depth which is that of the artistic designer. You need to consider the needs of the director and work with set designers, costuming and other professionals in the film industry for this job. I would like a rough copy of your answers to these questions to be given to the teacher at the end of Friday’s class. 1. a The entire neighborhood is constructed, describe the colors used in the neighborhood scenes? . b What could be the desired effect in this use of color? 2. As the woman drives up to the haunted house there is background music playing. What is the desired effect of this music? Describe two other places in the film where the soundtrack or film score affected your viewing of that scene. 3. How does the costuming set the main character, Edward apart from the other community members and why do you think Edward is meant to be so visually different? How does this help the actor portray his role? 4. What is Tim Burton (Director) saying about the nature of conformity in this film?How does he use color and visual imagery to drive home this point? 5. Is Edward a tragic figure? Why or why not based on the outcome of the film. 6. What are some of the highlights, twists and turns of the story? Create a brief treatment for this film and hypothetically cast the roles of three characters in the film. Explain why you choose them for these roles. 7. Research online what people Tim Burton consistently works with for his productions and list three here. Discuss why creatively this might be important for a Director.

SAT score reports

When should you rush your ACT / SAT score reports SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Both the ACT and the SAT let you rush your score for an extra fee. When is it worth it and when is it a waste of money? What Rushing Involves Both the ACT and SAT offer rushing score reports. This means that if your test is scored already, when you request a rush score, they're sent out within 2 days. Note that rushed reports don't get your tests scored earlier, but the schools do get them faster than all non-rushed reports in every case. The only downside: the cost: which is now about $30 for SATs and $15 for ACTs. Advantage of Rushing Rushing becomes beneficial if speed is ever a question. Suppose just for example's sake that UC Berkeley says the last ACT they'll take is December. If you are taking the December ACT, then rushing may give you an advantage in case there are unforeseen delays. Sometimes even the schools themselves misestimate the arrival time. Likewise, if a school says the last ACT score they'll take is December, but you happen to know you've improved a lot and take the January test (in addition, and not instead!), it's definitely to your advantage to be aggressive and send these reports in anyway rushed. If they won't accept it, they'll just drop the scores big deal. If you rush the reports and they get it in time and consider it, it may be a big plus. And folks, the advantage of rushing time-sensitive scores is real. Here is UVA speaking about this. It is known certain schools, Yale in the past in certain situations, explicitly ask for rushing. Rushing has a real effect for sure! When Not To Rush If timing is not a question at all, then by all means don't rush. For example, the college board says their regular scores can be received up to 6 weeks late. If you have absolutely no deadlines 6 weeks after your score request, then it seems safe to pay for normal reports. Likewise, if a college explicitly tells you not to rush then you should avoid it on the principle of not going against a college request. Don't get me wrong: I have nothing against normal speed. I've always taken my SATs / ACTs months ahead of time and I never rushed my own scores. Let's talk dollars Some people seem to be against rushing because they don't like the concept of the ACT / SAT making money. Parents and students should definitely be aware of the extra costs of rushing. If $30 is a huge deal in your test budget, and you're 90%+ sure normal speed is okay, then by all means don't rush. But if you're reading this article, you might be worried about timing. In this case, the question to ask yourself is this: how much time and energy have you spent on testing? How much time and money will you spend in college? Is the goal here to completely avoid paying for something that might seem overpriced, or is the goal instead to optimize your application paying attention to money? Once you think through the above factors, I think you'll be in a great position to decide whether rushing is for you. What's Next? The college admissions process has become so competitive that it's helpful to plan well in advance for SAT/ACT prep during high school. Here are a few guides to help your thinking: Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points, or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Free Essays on Albert Bandura

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum... Free Essays on Albert Bandura Free Essays on Albert Bandura SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum...

Selected Poem Verses From William Butler Yeats

Selected Poem Verses From William Butler Yeats Here are the poem lyrics of some of the best William Butler Yeats poetry. To make your browsing more effective, we have included a bit of each poem after the title. A Poet to His BelovedWilliam Butler YeatsI bring you with reverent handsThe books of my numberless dreams,White woman that passion has wornAs the tide wears the dove-grey sands, A Prayer for My DaughterWilliam Butler YeatsOnce more the storm is howling, and half hidUnder this cradle-hood and coverlidMy child sleeps on. There is no obstacleBut Gregorys wood and one bare hill A Prayer for My SonWilliam Butler YeatsBid a strong ghost stand at the headThat my Michael may sleep sound,Nor cry, nor turn in the bedTill his morning meal come round; A Prayer on Going Into My HouseWilliam Butler YeatsGod grant a blessing on this tower and cottageAnd on my heirs, if all remain unspoiled,No table or chair or stool not simple enoughFor shepherd lads in Galilee; and grant Adams CurseWilliam Butler YeatsGod grant a blessing on this tower and cottageAnd on my heirs, if all remain unspoiled,No table or chair or stool not simple enoughFor shepherd lads in Galilee; and grant Aedh Wishes for the Clothes of HeavenWilliam Butler YeatsHad I the heavens embroidered cloths,Enwrought with golden and silver light,The blue and the dim and the dark clothsOf night and light and the half light, Among School ChildrenWilliam Butler YeatsI walk through the long schoolroom questioning;A kind old nun in a white hood replies;The children learn to cipher and to sing,To study reading-books and histories, An Irish Airman Forsees His DeathWilliam Butler YeatsI know that I shall meet my fateSomewhere among the clouds above;Those that I fight I do not hate,Those that I guard I do not love; Are You Content?William Butler YeatsI call on those that call me son,Grandson, or great-grandson,On uncles, aunts, great-uncles or great-aunts,To judge what I have done. Before the World Was MadeWilliam Butler YeatsIf I make the lashes darkAnd the eyes more brightAnd the lips more scarlet,Or ask if all be right Beggar to Beggar CriedWilliam Butler YeatsTime to put off the world and go somewhereAnd find my health again in the sea air,Beggar to beggar cried, being frenzy-struck,And make my soul before my pate is bare.- ByzantiumWilliam Butler YeatsThe unpurged images of day recede;The Emperors drunken soldiery are abed;Night resonance recedes, night walkers songAfter great cathedral gong; Crazy Jane on GodWilliam Butler YeatsThat lover of a nightCame when he would,Went in the dawning lightWhether I would or no; DeathWilliam Butler YeatsNor dread nor hope attendA dying animal;A man awaits his endDreading and hoping all; Demon and BeastWilliam Butler YeatsFor certain minutes at the leastThat crafty demon and that loud beastThat plague me day and nightRan out of my sight;Easter, 1916William Butler YeatsI have met them at close of dayComing with vivid facesFrom counter or desk among greyEighteenth-century houses.EphemeraWilliam Butler YeatsYour eyes that once were never weary of mineAre bowed in sotrow under pendulous lids,Because our love is waning.And then She:Fallen MajestyWilliam Butler YeatsAlthough crowds gathered once if she but showed her face,And even old mens eyes grew dim, this hand alone,Like some last courtier at a gypsy camping-placeBabbling of fallen majesty, records whats gone.He Bids His Beloved Be at PeaceWilliam Butler YeatsI hear the Shadowy Horses, their long manes a-shake,Their hoofs heavy with tumult, their eyes glimmeringwhite; The North unfolds above them clinging, creepingnight, The East her hidden joy before the morning break,He Remembers Forgotten BeautyWilliam Butler YeatsW hen my arms wrap you round I pressMy heart upon the lovelinessThat has long faded from the world;The jewelled crowns that kings have hurledHe Thinks of Those Who Have Spoken Evil of His BelovedWilliam Butler YeatsHalf close your eyelids, loosen your hair,And dream about the great and their pride;They have spoken against you everywhere,But weigh this song with the great and their pride;Imitated From the JapaneseWilliam Butler YeatsA most astonishing thing Seventy years have I lived;(Hurrah for the flowers of Spring,For Spring is here again.)Lapis LazuliWilliam Butler YeatsI have heard that hysterical women sayThey are sick of the palette and fiddle-bow. Of poets that are always gay,For everybody knows or else should knowLeda and the SwanWilliam Butler YeatsA sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast.Long-Legged FlyWilliam Butler YeatsThat civilisation may not sink,Its great battle lost,Quiet the dog, tether the ponyTo a distant post;Mohini ChatterjeeWilliam Butler YeatsI asked if I should pray.But the Brahmin said,pray for nothing, sayEvery night in bed,Never Give All the HeartWilliam Butler YeatsNever give all the heart, for loveWill hardly seem worth thinking ofTo passionate women if it seemCertain, and they never dreamNo Second TroyWilliam Butler YeatsWhy should I blame her that she filled my daysWith misery, or that she would of lateHave taught to ignorant men most violent ways,Or hurled the little streets upon the great.ResponsibilitiesWilliam Butler YeatsPardon, old fathers, if you still rem ainSomewhere in ear-shot for the storys end,Old Dublin merchant free of the ten and fourOr trading out of Galway into Spain;Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler YeatsThat is no country for old men. The youngIn one anothers arms, birds in the treesThose dying generationsat their song,The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas, Solomon and the WitchWilliam Butler YeatsAnd thus declared that Arab lady:Last night, where under the wild moonOn grassy mattress I had laid me,Within my arms great Solomon, Solomon to ShebaWilliam Butler YeatsSang Solomon to Sheba,And kissed her dusky face,All day long from mid-dayWe have talked in the one place, Spilt MilkWilliam Butler YeatsWe that have done and thought,That have thought and done, The Fascination of Whats DifficultWilliam Butler YeatsThe fascination of whats difficultHas dried the sap out of my veins, and rentSpontaneous joy and natural contentOut of my heart. Theres something ails our colt The Folly of Being ComfortedWilliam Butler YeatsOne that is ever kind said yesterday:Your well-beloveds hair has threads of grey,And little shadows come about her eyes;Time can but make it easier to be wise The GyresWilliam Butler YeatsThe gyres! the gyres! Old Rocky Face, look forth;Things thought too long can be no longer thought,For beauty dies of beauty, worth of worth,And ancient lineaments are blotted out. The Heart of the WomanWilliam Butler YeatsO what to me the little roomThat was brimmed up with prayer and rest;He bade me out into the gloom,And my breast lies upon his breast. The Indian to His LoveWilliam Butler YeatsThe island dreams under the dawnAnd great boughs drop tranquillity;The peahens dance on a smooth lawn,A parrot sways upon a tree, The Indian Upon GodWilliam Butler YeatsI passed along the waters edge below the humid trees,My spirit rocked in evening light, the rushes round my knees,My spirit rocked in sleep and sighs; and saw the moor-fowl paceAll dripping on a grassy slope, and saw them cease to chase The Lake Isle of InnisfreeWilliam Butler YeatsI will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee,And live alone in the bee-loud glade. The Lover Asks Forgiveness Because of His Many MoodsWilliam Butler YeatsIf this importunate heart trouble your peaceWith words lighter than air,Or hopes that in mere hoping flicker and cease;Crumple the rose in your hair; The Second ComingWilliam Butler YeatsTurning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The Stolen ChildWilliam Butler YeatsWhere dips the rocky highlandOf Sleuth Wood in the lake,There lies a leafy islandWhere flapping herons wake The Two TreesWilliam Butler YeatsBeloved, gaze in thine own heart,The holy tree is growing there;From joy the holy branches start,And all the trembling flowers they bear. The Wild Swans at CooleWilliam Butler YeatsThe trees are in their autumn beauty,The woodland paths are dry,Under the October twilight the waterMirrors a still sky; To a Poet, Who Would Have Me Praise Certain Bad Poets, Imitators of His and MineWilliam Butler YeatsYou say, as I have often given tongueIn praise of what anothers said or sung, When You Are OldWilliam Butler YeatsWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;

Exploring Customer Attitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exploring Customer Attitude - Essay Example The pilot study will be undertaken to capture the attitude of a convenient sample in and around Hertfordshire, where Playful Times Toys which will be representative of the companies population. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used. In the qualitative categories, in depth interviews of about 25 existing channel partners of the acquired company will be undertaken using the semi-structured interview technique. In the quantitative category, questionnaires will be administered both physically and using internet to about 500 potential customers comprising parents and grandparents of kids. The qualitative data will be analysed using subjective, interpretative techniques. The quantitative data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as hypothesis testing, Chi-square testing, analysis of variance, correlational studies, and regression analysis. Subsequently conclusions will be drawn and recommendations will be made. 2. Introduct ion 2.1 Background Playful Times Toys’ decision to move away from the electronic toy market to traditional wooden toy market and consequent acquisition of a company that specialised in production of traditional wooden toys necessitated a market research to develop suitable promotional programme aimed at the potential customers in the wooden toys market. The research is significant for Playful Times Toys as the acquired company specialised in production of wooden building blocks, farmyard animals, train sets, and other vehicles for children aged 2-10. The company marketed these products on the basis of their perceived educational value. Playful Times Toys intention to develop promotional programmes aimed at the parents and grandparents customer segment signs a departure from its own and that of the acquired company’s marketing experience and infrastructure. 2.2 Overview of toy market Toy market is dependent on two factors (1) the number of children, and (2) gross domest ic product (GDP), which would enable to purchase. Usually toy products are categorised under 11 categories as (1) action figures & accessories; (2) arts & crafts; (3) building sets; (4) dolls; (5) games & puzzles; (6) infant/preschool toys; (7) youth electronics; (8) outdoor & sports toys; (9) plush; (10) vehicles; and (11) all other toys. World’s toy market can be divided into two categories (1) 0 to 14 years old, and (2) 15 + years based on based on the GDP/Inhabitant. 2.2.1 Top toy markets of the world In 2007, European region was the largest market with 32 per cent market share, closely followed by North American region with 31 per cent market share, while the Asiatic region accounted for 24 per cent market share. Latin America and the Caribbean markets accounted for 7 per cent, African region 4 per cent and the Oceania accounted for 2 per cent of the global market share. However, by the end of 2008, the Asiatic market grew by three per cent whereas both North American an d European markets registered decline. Latin American and the Caribbean markets grew by 1 per cent. The composition of world toy market by region is placed in the figure below. Figure 1: World toy market by region – 2008 Source: Guinaudeau, P., 2009. Toy Markets in the World. [Online] The NPD Group (2009 Edition) Available

The Social Network Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Social Network Movie Analysis - Essay Example The social network gives us the price of the need for acceptance when it changes into the blind ambition of social climbing. This movie rejects the tropes of money and power. It explores the moment of time at which facebook was invented, via the perspectives of clever youthful men who acclaim to be present at its inception. Plot In the fall of 2003, Mark Zuckerberg (Jess Eisenberg) tries to explain to her girlfriend (Rooney Mara), the significance of being a member of one of Harvard University’s 8 prestigious all-male social societies called ‘final clubs’. Mark describes these social societies as being exclusive. Mark Zuckerberg is not good at articulating himself in person. He first distances himself from his girlfriend, who feels that communicating with him is like working the 'Stairmaster' while taking strong exemption to his haughty remarks towards her. This leads to his girlfriend dumping him. Mark’s first effort to create a website in film, a site whe re photos of female Harvard students are placed beside each other, and then users click on the girl who they think is the hottest. This site is wildly accepted and admired but results in every campus girl considering him as a sexist pig, and their boyfriends constantly threatening him. Together with his friend, Eduardo Saverin (Andrew Garfield), they both copy a proposed website for networking from Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, which was made solely for Harvadites, and renaming it, 'The Facebook'. This website which they come up with, connects students, express what drives life in college, who is single, and how to connect with girls in school. They are then approached by Napster-fame Sean Parker (Justin Timberlake), and following his advice, 'The' is removed, thus giving rise to the now-innovative and revolutionary,’Facebook’. This website, Facebook can be accessed by any individual worldwide, and not just some elite campuses. His communication ina bility, urge to emerge number one, and competitiveness, will distance him. This results in two lawsuits, one from his best friend Eduardo, and the other from the Winklevoss twins. (Www.imdb.com). in this analysis, I will use Mark Zuckerberg, his girlfriend Rooney Mara, and his best friend Eduardo Saverin, to explore on the interpersonal variables. I will use the variables of, electrically mediated communication, and, ingratiating. Interpersonal Concepts and Variables By definition, interpersonal concept is when the needs or ideas of two individuals are opposing to each other. Electronically Mediated Communication refers to any form of communication that takes place through the use of two or more electronics, such as computers, and websites. This concept of communication applies to forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging, or those communications that take place through formats that are computer-mediated such as chat rooms, and websites. This term encompasses both ICTs (information communication technologies), and computer-mediated communication. Computer-mediated communication is the style of online communication and the message it conveys. ICTs, on the other hand, means machines themselves, mobile phones, PDAs and computers.( www.netlingo.com) Ingratiating, on the other hand, refers to what an individual would actively do in an attempt to make another individual or individuals to like him or her.(faculty.Babson.edu) Electrically Mediated Communication In the movie, this variable was widely used. We see that Mark Zuckerberg first

Csr and mcdonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Csr and mcdonalds - Essay Example As a corollary of the above job enrichment and enlargement policies and programs were initiated with a view to encouraging and motivating the staff to accept new challenges. For instance employee welfare practices though were not many, could be seen to a certain extent in some of the surveyed restaurants. Absenteeism and labor turnover figures were low. In fact labor turnover figures were high only among crew members because most of them were college undergraduates doing a stint to cover up tuition fees. Most probably customer harassment could have contributed to the above average labor turnover figures among the crew members at McDonalds restaurants in Leicester in particular and elsewhere in general. McDonald's pay is based on performance and the monetary incentives are intended to encourage employees to perform better in the jobs and employees might require non-monetary incentives too to remain their current jobs in the long run whilst reducing the degree of turnover. Thus the pay rates determination criteria at McDonald's are essentially determined by evaluation techniques of the HRM Department. For example employees at these restaurants were given a selected array of monetary and non-monetary incentives with the hope that the well trained and skilled employees would not leave their jobs at least in the short run. While HRM related aspects of the retention strategy was focused on employee welfare, there was much less focus on the long term organizational capability building measures to retain employees. The best example of this inadequacy can be found in the fact that the whole staff at McDonald's takes customer harassments for granted.This research study has found a significa nt amount of positive correlation between McDonald's HRM strategy and productivity gains though the extent to which such gains can be attributed to HRM strategy isn't clear. In the first instance as suggested in the Literature Review, the theoretical perspectives on motivation and performance have taken a new turn with greater emphasis on Strategic HRM. Secondly cultural diversity of the workforce at McDonald's requires such SHRM practices to be aligned with international trends. Thus as borne out by the majority of responses to the questionnaire performance related pay at McDonald's would have a positive impact on employee motivation and the Company would try to maximize their incentives. However it has been identified as the most desirable policy to achieve organizational goals and survive in the long run. McDonald's success in Leicester could be attributed to well managed labor relations and good motivation policies in order to encourages greater participation of the employees in the decision making process of the company. Next those four McDonalds restaurants in Leicester along with the other three have not displayed any noteworthy divergence from the theoretical and conceptual contingency framework of analysis applied here as illustrated in the McDonald's approach to CSR. For example all McDonald's restaurants place equal emphasis on animal welfare, education, environment, people, quality and safety and Ronald McDonald's House Charities (RMHC). The connected success factors - sustainable supply chain, nutrition and well being,

Arab Springs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab Springs - Essay Example These revolts began as protests in the streets by the citizens of each country after which the government would retaliate by using force to break them. This sparked more calls for these demonstrations, mainly using the popular social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook (Huang 1). Social media sites reported an increase in the usage of their sites by protesters to mobilize the masses across the major cities in the countries. The governments in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia limited Internet access and blocked the use of social media sites, but it was too late to change anything (Huang 1). In addition, citizens of these Middle East nations are continually frustrated by some of the following issues that are ignored, and feel that they need to be addressed. The first issue is to end aristocratic governance that most of them endure for decades, and need for more participation in the government by pushing for democratic participation, which the current regimes had been unwilling to provide. There is the need for a better life and more freedoms by the citizen in the countries. Countries such as Tunisia, Yemen, Jordan and Egypt experience high levels of unemployment and the rise in cost of living which the citizens find difficult. Their governments do little to address these issues forcing the population to devise other means of voicing their needs, which is through demonstrations. Because of the rule by a single party, these governments are faced with high levels of corruption and violation of the civil and human rights of the citizens. Therefore, there are many cases of police brutality towards the citizens and also denial of service by these governments to their citizens. Moreover, this was the case in Tunisia, where a man was harassed by the police while selling his goods. He later lit himself up in front of a municipal building after being frustrated by the officials sparking a series of protests across the country and later the Middle East region (Jones 1). The re sultant effect of the Arab Spring was felt in the whole region exceptionally fast; governments began to follow the Tunisian regime followed by the Egyptian government which gave power to the military. Additionally, the other governments, on realizing the reality of the situation in the region, began radically to change their policies and constitutions. The Saudi Arabian government, after a series of protests, decided to allow more freedom to their citizens in fear that the situation might escalate (Middle East Voices 1). Jordan, Bahrain, Libya and Syria’s governments faced mass protests that made them allow police to use force and weapons to break these protests. This brought about larger scale rebellions leading to deaths of citizens that made the United Nations and the European Union impose sanctions on them. Furthermore, this made the monarchs dissolve their parliaments and cabinets, and allowed the citizens more rights to participate in their governments and formulate pol icies that are meant to address their living conditions. Libya was the only nation that continued to use the force and refused to dissolve the government leading to the formation of rebel groups that attacked the pro-government army. This later escalated and forced United States and NATO to carry out air strikes on Libya government strongholds aiding in the ousting of the government (Middle East Voices 1). Yemen, being a strong ally of the United States administration, had agreed to work with the

Cross-cultural management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cross-cultural management - Research Paper Example The data collected, findings and reports from this representative sample are then subjected to a series of data analyses based on which deductions are made. From the findings, viable recommendations are made with reference to scholarly work and reviews from social experts and academicians.Introduction Culture connotes peoples’ way of life. It is essentially a reflection of the attributes and characters of defined group of people within a population and includes aspects such as dressing, language, food, practices and beliefs, economic activities, and general aspects of life- characteristic of a particular group. Cultures tend to differ from one community to another; however, neighboring communities have a tendency to borrow various aspects of culture from one another and hence the disparities are few but continue to differ gradually as one drifts away to other regions (Charles, 2010). This explains why people from different continents tend to greatly differ from one another in their language, dressing, religious affiliation and beliefs among other social aspects of life; due to their different backgrounds and upbringing. This research was conducted from Iowa State University. This university is situated in the State of Iowa and admits students from all over the world. Each year, the University enrolls over 33,000 students; half of whom are international students. This provides a good platform to analyze aspects of academic acculturation and social diversity and their implications on students’ lives while undertaking their career studies

Arab Springs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab Springs - Essay Example These revolts began as protests in the streets by the citizens of each country after which the government would retaliate by using force to break them. This sparked more calls for these demonstrations, mainly using the popular social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook (Huang 1). Social media sites reported an increase in the usage of their sites by protesters to mobilize the masses across the major cities in the countries. The governments in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia limited Internet access and blocked the use of social media sites, but it was too late to change anything (Huang 1). In addition, citizens of these Middle East nations are continually frustrated by some of the following issues that are ignored, and feel that they need to be addressed. The first issue is to end aristocratic governance that most of them endure for decades, and need for more participation in the government by pushing for democratic participation, which the current regimes had been unwilling to provide. There is the need for a better life and more freedoms by the citizen in the countries. Countries such as Tunisia, Yemen, Jordan and Egypt experience high levels of unemployment and the rise in cost of living which the citizens find difficult. Their governments do little to address these issues forcing the population to devise other means of voicing their needs, which is through demonstrations. Because of the rule by a single party, these governments are faced with high levels of corruption and violation of the civil and human rights of the citizens. Therefore, there are many cases of police brutality towards the citizens and also denial of service by these governments to their citizens. Moreover, this was the case in Tunisia, where a man was harassed by the police while selling his goods. He later lit himself up in front of a municipal building after being frustrated by the officials sparking a series of protests across the country and later the Middle East region (Jones 1). The re sultant effect of the Arab Spring was felt in the whole region exceptionally fast; governments began to follow the Tunisian regime followed by the Egyptian government which gave power to the military. Additionally, the other governments, on realizing the reality of the situation in the region, began radically to change their policies and constitutions. The Saudi Arabian government, after a series of protests, decided to allow more freedom to their citizens in fear that the situation might escalate (Middle East Voices 1). Jordan, Bahrain, Libya and Syria’s governments faced mass protests that made them allow police to use force and weapons to break these protests. This brought about larger scale rebellions leading to deaths of citizens that made the United Nations and the European Union impose sanctions on them. Furthermore, this made the monarchs dissolve their parliaments and cabinets, and allowed the citizens more rights to participate in their governments and formulate pol icies that are meant to address their living conditions. Libya was the only nation that continued to use the force and refused to dissolve the government leading to the formation of rebel groups that attacked the pro-government army. This later escalated and forced United States and NATO to carry out air strikes on Libya government strongholds aiding in the ousting of the government (Middle East Voices 1). Yemen, being a strong ally of the United States administration, had agreed to work with the

LS knolege creathion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LS knolege creathion - Essay Example There also needs to be consideration of the roles of leaders in relationship with other workers of lower positions. Having held a managerial position for several years I am aware of how difficult work becomes when other employees within KFIC suffer from low levels of motivation, and believe that the company’s culture needs to alter if higher levels of motivation are to be achieved, and so lead to greater success an an organization. PROBLEM   These are not new problems. There were discussed as long ago as two years ago, but despite this there have been no attempts by higher management to rectify the situation and to make improvements. Their only concern as far as motivation is concerned is upon the sales personnel, who were offered increased incentives to be based upon sales they achieved. The result for other employees was a further decrease in motivation as they were not only missing out financially, but felt overlooked and of lesser importance in the eyes of management. .    LITERATURE DISCUSSION   It was observed that communications were poor within the KFIC organization, despite the many communication tools, methods and technology now available to both employers and employees. In practise communication within the company is limited to immediate subordinates or seniors who are then responsible to pass the message on to the remainder of the organization as necessary. . Communication is a necessary means within any organization and leaders need to learn how to communicate across the whole company and not limit it messages up an down with immediate subordinates. According to Weick and Quinn (1999), lack of communication is a major factor in organizational failure, in particular during periods of transition and change. change. Organizational communication can be defined as â€Å"the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior† (Daft as cited by Frahm and Brown, 2006). This means that communication must be an important aspect that senior management, within KFIC or indeed any other group, need to accept necessity of, to learn more about and to put into practice. Such management initiatives can be expected to have a positive effect upon the motivation levels of their employees .And not just any communication, but such as is relevant to particular situations   This means that there must for instance be research, both general and specialised, in order that communication be at its most acceptable and effective. . Shrivastava (1987) believed that â€Å"standards for judging the usefulness of research results or knowledge claims depend on the needs of users, and the different ways in which research results are used†. This means that it is possible to reveal more of less data depending upon the necessity and usefulness of particular knowledge. .Shrivastava’s specifies the criteria of both rigor and relevance, these being based upon the writing of Evered and Louis (1981) and Shrivastava and Mitroff (1984). Evered and Louis 1981 concluded that we have to critically review assumptions such as quality, relevance, precision and meaning in the knowledge-yielding procedures. Shrivastava and Mitroff 1984 used FOR i.e. Frames of References. These had cognitive elements as well as operators. They use reality tests, cognitive maps of the exact area of inquiry, the degree of articulation used as well as considering any metaphors employed. .Thi swould involve both

Term Papers and College Essay Examples Essay Example for Free

Term Papers and College Essay Examples Essay Its easy to access all of our free essays and term papers. We simply ask that students create a free account and submit one of their own research papers. Remember, you should always write your own coursework. We have a large selection of model essays to help you improve your own writing ability. Start searching today. American History (2421) Biographies (1156) Book Reports (2429) Business (6027) English (7888) History Other (2336) Miscellaneous (5864) Music and Movies (888) Philosophy (846) Psychology (1528) Religion (903) Science (2253) Social Issues (4547) Technology (1793) Read more:  A person you admire essay Essay Stats Essays: 40 924 Todays essays: 17 Comments: 14 796 Ratings: 51 919 Members: 511 805Newest Essays Project Post Mortem Future Of Fashion Find The Time Sociology Of Sport Performance Management Accounting 250 Internet Shopping Rhondas Paper Human Resources The Fairness More Essays  » Popular Topics Hindi Essay Marathi Essay Importance Of Education My Childhood Memories Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Unforgettable The Person i Admire Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Memorable Day Of My In Kannada More Topics  » Subscribe to our Term Papers and College Essay Examples Welcome to All Free Essays, where you can search essays, term papers and reports written by students for free!

Poor Reproductive Fitness of Sperm in Aging Males

Poor Reproductive Fitness of Sperm in Aging Males Deterioration of germline DNA found to produce low quality offspring in aged male houbara bustards. A study in houbara bustards, an African bird species gives insight on what is happening with aging men. The scientists suggest that the decline in hatching success observed is caused by senescent decline of both male and female gametes. On the other hand, the development of chicks within the egg appear to be influenced solely by maternal aging which can be explained by reduction in older females’ abilities to provision their eggs. The researchers then monitored the artificial insemination of houbara bustards ranging in age from 1 to 23, recorded the egg hatching success as well as the growth of resulting chicks. Their results found that eggs produced from inseminating older females with ejaculate from older males have lower hatching success as compared to eggs of parents at peak age. The scientists suggest that the decrease in hatching success observed is caused by senescent decline of both male and female gametes. Of the eggs that did hatch, it was discovered that the mass of chicks at hatching were heaviest in chicks born to young mothers, suggesting that the development of chicks within the egg appear to be influenced solely by maternal aging. This can be explained by reduction in older females’ abilities to provision their eggs. Additionally, it was found that chicks born to young fathers had the best overall growth within the first month of life than those born to older fathers. The reason for this is that since males only contribute their DNA to offspring, the growth of the How Reproductively Fit is the Sperm of Older Males? A study in houbara bustards, an African bird species gives insight on the production of low quality offspring in aging men. Gametes are reproductive cells such as ovum or sperm, containing the genetic material required to form a new organism. This genetic material is essential in determining the quality of offspring produced. According to the paper by Brian Preston and his colleagues in Nature Communications, gametes from animals of advanced years undergo degradation by a process called senescence. Senescence is a gradual decline of function and can occur by two mechanisms. The first is the decline in the performance of their spermatogenic machinery such that the sperm has difficulty in carrying out its function. The second mechanism involves the build-up of genetic mutations within the germline of gametes, resulting in the degradation of the DNA carried within. These mechanisms lead to a reduction in both the viability and quality of offspring produced. To determine whether male aging has influence on reproductive fitness, Brian Preston and his colleagues examined 10 years’ worth of data regarding the post insemination success of male houbara bustards part of a captive breeding programme. To begin with, female bustards were inseminated with ejaculates collected from males. The male and female bustards involved in this study ranged from 1 to 23 years of age. Eggs produced were collected and the hatching success recorded. The researchers found that eggs produced from inseminating older females with ejaculate from older males have lower hatching success as compared to eggs of parents at peak age, suggesting that this is caused by senescent decline of both male and female gametes. Furthermore, of the eggs that did hatch, it was discovered that the mass of chicks at hatching were heavier in chicks born to young fathers compared to older fathers. Additionally, a measure of overall growth within the first month of life showed that chicks born to old fathers had the worst overall growth. The scientists reasoned that the cause for growth patterns observed in chicks born to old fathers confirms that the dominant mechanism of senescence in the bird species is mutation-based aging of germline DNA. This is because, since males only contribute their DNA to offspring, the growth of the chicks is inhibited. Eggs produced were collected for incubation and hatched chicks were hand-reared so as to avoid any confounding variables. The researchers monitored the artificial insemination of houbara bustards ranging from 1 to 23 years old, recorded the egg hatching success as well as the growth of resulting chicks. Their results found that eggs produced from inseminating older females with ejaculate from older males have lower hatching success as compared to eggs of parents at peak age, suggesting that this is caused by senescent decline of both male and female gametes. Of the eggs that did hatch, it was discovered that the mass of chicks at hatching were heaviest in chicks born to young fathers. Furthermore, it was found that chicks born to old fathers had the worst overall growth within the first month of life than those born to younger fathers. The scientists suggest that the development of chicks within the egg appears to be influenced solely by maternal aging. This can be explained by reduction in older females’ abilities to provide their eggs with nutrients. On the other hand, the researchers reasoned that the cause for growth patterns observed in chicks born to old fathers confirms that the dominant mechanism of senescence in the bird species is mutation-based aging of germline DNA. This is because, since males only contribute their DNA to offspring, the growth of the chicks is inhibited. According to a recent study by Brian Preston and his colleagues in Nature Communications, gametes (ovum or sperm) from animals of advanced years undergo degradation by a process called senescence. Senescence is a gradual decline of function and occurs by two mechanisms. The first involves the decline of the spermatogenic machinery performance while the second mechanism involves the build-up of genetic mutations within the germline DNA of gametes. To determine whether male aging has influence on reproductive fitness, the researchers examined 10 years’ worth of data on the post insemination success of male houbara bustards aged between 1 to 23 years that were part of a captive breeding programme. First, female bustards were inseminated with the male ejaculates collected so that gametes are the only influencing factor on offspring quality. The eggs produced from older parents were seen to have lower hatching success when compared to eggs of peak age parents. Of the eggs that did hatch, researchers observed that the lightest chicks at hatching were a result of maternal aging. Alternatively, a measure of overall growth within the first month after hatching revealed that chicks born to older fathers had the worst overall growth. In other words, as males age, their ability to produce offspring that are viable and of high quality diminishes. These findings lead scientists to conclude that the dominant mechanism of senescence in the bird species is mutation-based aging of germline DNA. Additionally, it seems that the decline in offspring development linked to paternal aging is similar in scale to that linked to maternal aging. Interestingly, when findings were compared with that of human studies similar patterns were observed, deepening concern for the recent trend of delayed parenthood in both sexes. In future, Brian Preston and his colleagues wish to be able to identify and quantify the reproductive cost associated with male aging in a long-lived species. In their most recent work, published in Nature Communications, they found that, not only did males appear less able to produce offspring successfully as they aged, they also appeared to produce offspring that were of intrinsically lower quality. Perhaps most surprisingly, these declines in offspring quality were of a similar size to those resulting from maternal aging. Patterns observed in humans are in line with the findings in houbara bustards and their interpretation, with paternal aging being linked to adverse reproductive outcomes, a number of genetic diseases, and some mental disorders. The evidence is beginning to accumulate that delaying parenthood until later life can potentially have negative consequences for the children of both older men and women. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2015-02-male-birds-reproduction-life.html#jCp

Essay Comparing Eliot’s Parody and Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra

Comparing Eliot’s  Parody and Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra The first major difference between Eliot’s Parody and Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra comes with the very first simile. In Shakespeare’s original the barge in which Cleopatra sits is compared to a burnished throne burning on the water, whereas in Eliot’s parody it is only a chair that she fills like a throne, glowing on the marble. Eliot’s character comes across, therefore, as far less ‘enormous’ and larger than life than Shakespeare portrays Cleopatra who seems very great, even in comparison with her barge, which she fills as if it were a throne - her majesty makes the barge seem tiny in comparison; Eliot’s character only makes a chair look like a chair. Again, with the water on which Cleopatra’s barge floats burning, and the marble on which the chair stands glowing, Shakespeare’s image if far greater than the one Eliot creates, being strange and somewhat mystical, as opposed to Eliot’s chair’s ent irely possible glow. Cleopatra, in the same way, has ‘pretty dimpled boys’ fanning her, ‘like smiling cupids’, whereas in the passage from The Wasteland, there are merely golden Cupidons, observing the scene, one peeping out at her, another hiding his eyes behind his wing - instead of serving an immediate, yet subtle purpose, as Cleopatra’s are, fanning her. Other images of Eliot’s, in contrast, are much larger than Shakespeare, but again succeed in making Eliot’s character look small and insignificant in comparison. Eliot describes the enormous amount of adornments around the room, including her ‘vials of ivory and coloured glass’, which contain many perfumes, which are described as ‘drowning the sense in odours’ and again it is the lack of subtlety t... ...speare tends to prefer the use of metaphor to that of simile - whilst Homer often used extended simile to illustrate his point, and often went off on very distinct tangents, Shakespeare tends to prefer the more modern construction of metaphor, rather than having to protect himself as an author with words like ‘like’ or ‘as’. Eliot may well have chosen this passage for its eccentricities, and it succeeds in creating a powerful and provoking parody, as well as being a very good contrast to other parts of The Wasteland, poetically, including the very next part, which is more modern, and simple. It is also interesting that Eliot chose to almost blend the Shakespeare in with other more ordinary bits of literature - the passage begins with only slight changes to the words of Enobarbus’ speech, but soon becomes considerably different to the original Shakespeare.   

Case Brief Essay

Facts: Billie J. Rodman, Appellant was employed by Presbyterian Hospital as a unit secretary for eight years when, on Feb 17, 1987, she was terminated under hospital personnel policies following a â€Å"third corrective action† notice. Prior restrictions had been placed on Rodman’s conduct due to personal problems adversely impacting upon her place of work. Rodman was reprimanded in June 1986 for receiving an inordinate number of personal telephone calls and visitors at her work station, which was disruptive to her own work and to her co-workers. Rodman was to have no personal telephone calls during work hours outside of a designated break or dinner time, in which event they were to occur in an area not visible to patients, physicians, or other department staff. When leaving the department for dinner, Rodman was to report to her immediate supervisor and was not to leave the hospital. Rodman was to make every effort to resolve the matters in her personal life that were causing problems at work. Nevertheless, according to the testimony of her supervisor, extremely disruptive telephone calls continued. The doctors were beginning to comment on it. The staff was getting more distressed. According to her supervisor, â€Å"[A]gain we talked about the visits, the behavior at the desk. When it got pretty bad with the phone calls, Billie would slam charts, push chairs and be a little abrupt with the people she worked with.† Another written reprimand in November of 1986 warned Rodman that her job was in jeopardy if the disruptive behavior continued. The supervisor established restrictions prohibiting the claimant from having visitors at the department and instructed her to notify security if there was a potential problem. On February 15, 1987, Rodman began work at 1:00 o’clock in the afternoon. She had spoken to her boyfriend’s mother earlier  in the day to tell her that she did not want him to use her car as she had broken off their relationship. The boyfriend’s mother called her at work and told her the boyfriend had her car keys. Rodman told the mother to h ave the boyfriend call her at work. When he did, she informed him that she could not talk to him at her duty station, and he hung up on her. He called her back and left a number where he could be reached. She left the work area and went to the break room to call him. After returning to her duty station, Rodman got another telephone call from her boyfriend who told her to go downstairs to the lobby to meet him and pick up the keys. When she refused, he told her that if she did not come down he would come up to her department. Claimant left the department to confront her boyfriend, and, because her supervisor was at lunch in the hospital cafeteria, Rodman notified a co-worker, a registered nurse, that she was leaving. Rodman testified, â€Å"I didn’t want any kind of confrontation at the desk, so I went downstairs.† Before she left her desk, Rodman called the employer’s security guard and asked him to meet her in the lobby because she anticipated that a problem could develop. When Rodman got to the lobby, her boyfriend started yelling and forced her outside. In doing so, he tore her shirt. At this point the security guard arrived and observed them arguing. Rodman was in the passenger seat of her car. The security guard instructed the boyfriend to return the keys, but the boyfriend jumped into the driver’s seat, locked the doors and drove off. About thirty-five minutes later, Rodman returned to her work station, after having changed her torn shirt. She resumed working, but, as the shift progressed, more telephone calls were received for her in the department. The supervisor became frustrated with the volume of calls and the behavior of Rodman. It was determined that Rodman should be sent home. Thereafter she was terminated. Issue: At Issue is whether the misconduct which warranted termination from unemployment rose to the level of misconduct which would warrant denial of unemployment compensation under NMSA 1978, section 51-1-7 of the Unemployment Compensation Law. Whether the events of a third party constituted the â€Å"last straw doctrine.† Rule: â€Å"[M]isconduct† * * * is limited to conduct evincing such wilful or wanton disregard of an employer’s interests as is found in deliberate violations or disregard of standards of behavior which the employer has the right to expect of his employee, or in carelessness or negligence of such degree or recurrence as to manifest equal culpability * * *. [M]ere inefficiency, unsatisfactory conduct, failure in good performance as the result of inability or incapacity, inadvertencies or ordinary negligence in isolated instances, or good faith errors in judgment or discretion are not to be deemed â€Å"misconduct† within the meaning of the statute. Application: Rodman had a history of wanton or wilful disregard for the employer’s interest and was discharged for the accumulation of those events, including the precipitating event. Rodman’s conduct on February 15, considered in light of totality of circumstances including her previous history or personal phone calls and unauthorized visitors, showed a—willful or wanton disregard for her employer’s interests–. Rodman did not comply with her previous restriction put on her by her employer which was ground’s enough for termination and denial of unemployment benefits. The last straw was applied in this case due to Ms. Rodman’s totality of circumstances. Conclusion: Decision was affirmed by the courts in light that Ms. Rodman’s actions on February 15, which when it was considered in light of restrictions that where upon her previous failure to comply with those restrictions, demonstrated a willful disregard for her employer’s interests.

Climate Change and National Security Essay

That same month, the UN Security Council—at the initiative of the UK government—held its first-ever debate on the potential impact of climate change on peace and security. In October 2007, the Nobel committee recognized this emerging threat to peace and security by awarding former vice president Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change its peace prize. In November 2007, wo think tanks, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), released another report on the issue, concluding from a range of possible scenarios of climate change that, â€Å"We already know enough to appreciate that the cascading consequences of unchecked climate change are to include a range of security problems that will have dire global consequences. †2 The new interest in climate change and national security has been a valuable warning about the potential security consequences of global warming, but the proposed solutions that accompanied recent efforts have emphasized broader climate policy rather than specific responses to security threats. Because the links between climate change and national security are worthy of concern in their own right, and because some significant climate change is inevitable, strategies that go beyond long-run efforts to rein in greenhouse gas emissions are required. This report sharpens the connections between climate change and national security and recommends specific policies to address the security consequences of climate change for the United States. In all areas of climate change policy, adaptation and mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) should be viewed as complements rather than competing alternatives—and the national security dimension is no exception. Some policies will be targeted at adaptation, most notably risk-reduction and preparedness policies at home and abroad. These could spare the United States the need to mobilize its military later to rescue people and to prevent regional disorder—and would ensure a more effective response if such mobilization was nonetheless necessary. Others will focus on mitigation, 2 CSIS/CNAS, The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change, November 2007; available at http://www. cnas. org/climatechange. 2 which is almost universally accepted as an essential part of the response to climate change. Mitigation efforts will need to be international and involve deep changes in the world’s major economies, such as those of China and India. As a result, the processes of working together to craft and implement them provide opportunities to advance American security interests.

Comparing And Contrasting Clear Felling And Selection System Environmental Sciences Essay

C. s. foresters use different Silvicultural systems in order to handle woods throughout its life. A silvicultural system can be defined as the procedure of be givening, reaping and renewing a wood. Forests and forest bases are treated, tended, harvested and regenerated utilizing different techniques. Felling of bases is a common intervention in order to reap lumber, to derive some net income but besides in order to renew woods. Based on the forest direction objectives a Forester or a forest proprietor can follow different silvicultural systems. During the past old ages a base was managed with the chief aim of lumber harvest home ( wood wood merchandises ) and a higher direct net income. Nowadays, due to the enhanced cognition and consciousness of the complexness of the environment and besides due to the consciousness of people for their quality of life, bases are non managed merely for lumber production but besides for ecological and resource aims. This includes clime alteration, quality of life, agreeableness and diversion, national and planetary pacts and ordinances / Torahs, conservationists concerns, planetary heating, C segregation and C emanations. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast two Silvicultural systems. These are: a ) Clear Felling ( clear felling ) and B ) Choice system. Clear Felling is the system where the full base is cut at one time and so the country is either unnaturally or of course regenerated. Choice system is the system where some trees are harvested ( groups or single ) in order to do infinite for natural regeneration. Variations for both systems are discussed within the present study. Both of the discussed systems have a figure of advantages and disadvantages, and both can be used in woods and forests of any country, ever based on the forest direction aims. Clear Felling can be categorized in the undermentioned three classs: a ) Clear droping i whole base system, B ) Clear droping i progressive strip system and degree Celsius ) Clear droping i alternate strip system. Choice system can be categorized into: a ) The choice system and B ) The group choice system. 1. The Clear Felling System FAO defines Clear Felling as the technique applied in order to fell all trees found on a considerable country at one clip. Clear felling is done for two chief grounds, i.e. gross and regeneration. Many environmental groups are against this technique due to the fact that in most instances clear felling is carried out in big countries and therefore big countries are exposed to eroding and are cut downing the aesthetical, economical and societal value of the site. This is due to inauspicious impact of dirt, dirt eroding, agreeableness and wild-life. Impacts are present in the country until is regenerated and trees grow plenty to cover the country. Clear felling, is the system where all trees of a considerable country, i.e. larger than 1ha i as stated by Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, 1995, Chapter 3 i are removed and so the country is of course regenerated or regenerated by seting. This leads to a future even-aged base. Clear felling can be applied in bases with the undermentioned features: & A ; gt ; Stands where many dead, unhealthy, or diseased trees are found & A ; gt ; Stands where a batch of damaged trees is present ( amendss by air current or fire ) & A ; gt ; Stands with short rotary motion species, or with light demander species that can non turn in the shadiness & A ; gt ; Stands where after reaping desirable regenerations will be present or are predicted to be present Christou, 1995, states that Clear Felling can be categorized in the undermentioned three classs: a ) Clear droping i whole base system, B ) Clear droping i progressive strip system and degree Celsius ) Clear droping i alternate strip system. 1.1. Whole base Clear Cut System This is the Silvicultural System where the whole base is removed go forthing back a bare country. The country is so regenerated either of course or unnaturally i in most instances by seting ( Figure 1: Clear cut system ) . When natural regeneration ( seeding ) is to be applied, droping must be carried out in the leeward side in order to enable seeds to be blown by air current and to cover the clear cut country. ( Christou, 1995, p.75 ) . In instance that unreal regeneration with either seeding or seting is to be applied, the cost will be really higher due to the cost of seeds, workss but besides due to the high labor cost. Figure 1: Clear cut system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.2. Clear droping i Progressive Strip System With this system ( Figure 2: Clear cut – progressive strip system ) felling is carried out in the signifier of strips which progress in turn in one way across the regeneration country. The produced base will be even-aged if we consider each strip as a compartment. The regeneration largely comes of course from seeds from the staying standing strips/trees. The intent of this system is to derive entree to the base for transit, development and direction. Besides, is the proviso of unreal regeneration from next trees and the protection against air current and snow ( Christou, 1995, p. 78 ) . A new strip will be felled when sufficient regeneration of the old felled strip is present and when that strip is sufficient protected against inauspicious factors, like air current and snow. Figure 2: Clear cut – progressive strip system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.3. Clear droping i Alternative Strip System Is the system where felling is carried out in strips ( Figure 3: Clear cut – alternate strip system ) . Strips are at right angle to the air current way, enabling seeds from the staying untrimmed strips to be blown to the felled strips and therefore natural regeneration to be present ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org ) . Uncut strips are to be cut when there are marks that equal natural regeneration is established in the antecedently felled strips i this system largely depends on natural regeneration. The breadth of the strips depends on assorted factors, like weight of seed ( seed travel distance blown by air current ) , terrain ( sloppy/flatted countries ) , inauspicious factors ( air current, snow ) ( Christou, 1995, p. 79 ) . Figure 3: Clear cut – alternate strip system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Clear Felling System 1.4.1. Advantages of the Clear Felling System Christou, 1995, p.75 and Nyland, 1996 province that the advantages of the clear felling system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; It is the simplest of all Silvicultural systems. No particular proficient accomplishments are needed & A ; gt ; Higher outputs per unit of country and lower harvest home costs & A ; gt ; Better control of plagues, viing flora, better seedbeds, and better dirt lacks & A ; gt ; Easier supervising and direction of droping operations & A ; gt ; Where unreal regeneration ( seeding or seting ) is to be used, coveted species can be established since this is up to the director manus & A ; gt ; Regeneration failures can be seen really early ( from the 2nd twelvemonth ) , and so crushing up of failures can be carried out & A ; gt ; Less or even no amendss to the staying trees & A ; gt ; If unreal regeneration will be applied or if natural regeneration which will be decently tended will be applied, the freshly established trees will be clearer from knots and more cylindrical due to natural pruning & A ; gt ; If unreal regeneration of the full country is carried out in one operation, the cost will be lower & A ; gt ; Distribution of age categories are nearing the normal more closely than other systems & A ; gt ; More light reaches the land therefore assisting the regeneration and constitution of the new harvest, particularly for light demander species & A ; gt ; Damages and / or losingss of lumber by windfall is avoided & A ; gt ; Most applicable system when mature and over mature bases are present system & A ; gt ; Easier application of fertilisers in the new harvest & A ; gt ; Easier control of insects and diseases since the whole base is removed & A ; gt ; Yield can be determined before reaping starts & A ; gt ; Specialized equipment designed for harvest home and site readying can be used due to the big country of the site, e.g. if really big country is to be felled, overseas telegram Cranes and reapers can be used 1.4.2. Disadvantages of the Clear Felling System Christou, 1995, p.76 and Nyland, 1996 province that the disadvantages of the clear felling system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; Is the worst system as respects biodiversity of a site – a batch of breaks to vegetations and fauna – taking all the big trees adversely impact some wildlife home ground & A ; gt ; Increased weeds invasion in clear felled countries & A ; gt ; In most instances unreal regeneration is applied, which is really dearly-won & A ; gt ; Clear felled countries are exposed for a long clip to weave, hoar and rain, therefore enduring from eroding & A ; gt ; Crop established after clear felling is an even-aged harvest which is normally less immune to weave and snow & A ; gt ; Immature trees are besides felled which non make their concluding increase i less gross & A ; gt ; Soil capacity and features is decreased & A ; gt ; Disturbance of the surface litter during logging displaces stored seeds and additions opportunities for surface eroding on sloppy countries, at least until new workss are grown plenty & A ; gt ; Landowners must hold equal stored seeds in order to use seeding & A ; gt ; The site factors are non to the full used. & A ; gt ; Lowering the aesthetic and diversion value of the country, until the new harvest is to the full established & A ; gt ; If markets can non absorb all the timber the system can non be applied & A ; gt ; Is non a good system for shadiness tolerant species which are used to turn easy under protection 2. The Choice System The Selection System differs from all other systems and is the system where felling ( selective fellings ) and regeneration are distributed over the whole of the country. Christou, 1995 provinces that the chief differences between Selection System and other systems are: a ) Fellings, cuttings and regeneration confined in all over the country and during the whole base life and B ) the ensuing base is uneven aged, where all age and size categories are found in every portion of the base. This system is really the iContinuous Cover Forestryi system, where in the country ever some trees are found standing. In this system, single or groups of trees are harvested to do infinite for natural regeneration. The established harvest is uneven-aged, where trees of all ages are found assorted together over every portion of the country. Regeneration operation is carried out throughout the life of harvest ( Hart, 1991, p. 252-253 ) . Felling of trees all over the country of a wood is possible when the country is little but if the country is big it is non possible to fell the trees over the full country yearly. Therefore, felling is done in a smaller country ( portion of the whole country ) after a certain figure of old ages, which is equal to the figure of the smaller countries i the interval scopes from five to ten old ages ( Hart, 1991, p. 252 ) . This interval is known as felling rhythm. It is really the clip between two consecutive fellings on the same country. In most of the times natural regeneration ( where favorable conditions are present ) will be present and therefore the freshly established base will hold all age and size categories ensuing to an uneven-aged base. In Cyprus, harmonizing to the Marking regulations for Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra, 1992, single trees ( individual tree choice system ) are selected for felling ( over mature, dead, deceasing, diseased, trees of unwanted species, trees with bad features, trees that when felled will enable younger and better trees to turn plenty without competency ) . Besides, in immature plantations, positive or negative choice is carried out. In instances that natural regeneration fails to be present, so seting or seeding is carried out. Figure 4: Choice system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org Figure 5: Choice system Beginning: Dr. Owen Davies Et Al, 2008 Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p. 87 and Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p.64 there are 2 types of Selection System, viz. a ) Single tree choice system and B ) Group Selection system. These two sub-systems are discussed moreover in the following paragraphs. 2.1. The Single-tree Selection System Is the system where felling of single trees is spread throughout the whole base, therefore enable the base to be regenerated within the whole base ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64-65 ) . In most instances, single mature trees are selected for droping enabling replacement by regeneration ( Christou, 1995, p. 89 ) and therefore taking to a wholly uneven-aged base. This means that all size categories are distributed throughout the whole base. Felling of trees in the same country is merely possible when a little country is found. In instance of big woods this is non possible and so the country is divided into smaller coupes ( block ) , each coupe ( block ) is felled at regular intervals of non more than ten old ages. In each block cuttings are carried out when necessary ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64 ) . Since all canopy stratas are to be present, natural pruning is present. Forest developed utilizing this system has a great aesthetical value with a more natural expression i all tree sizes are present within the whole country. Skilled forces are needed in order to choose trees for droping, following some regulations, e.g. remotion of dead, bad shaped, rivals etc. Besides, extraction cost would be higher and eventually give will be lesser than in even-aged bases. 2.2. The Group Selection System This system is largely used for light demanding species. In this system the felling is confined to a group of trees alternatively of any single 1. Besides, utilizing this system an uneven-aged base is produced. Felled countries are little in order to have protection and shelter from environing trees/areas ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64 ) . If bigger countries are felled there is a high hazard of amendss caused by inauspicious climatic conditions, like air current and hoar ( Christou, 1995, p. 91 ) 2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Selection System 2.3.1. Advantages of the Selection system Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p.90-91 and Hart, 1991, p. 253-254 the advantages of the Selection system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; As respects aesthetical value this system is the most applicable, since the whole country will hold trees and regeneration & A ; gt ; Regeneration and stand amendss from air current and hoar amendss are limited & A ; gt ; Elimination of land and dirt eroding & A ; gt ; The general expression of the base is more of course since to the uneven-aged base produced & A ; gt ; Due to the flexibleness of the system we have better possible usage of the site & A ; gt ; Where market requires uninterrupted and little output this system is extremely recommended & A ; gt ; By opening the upper canopy the fire jeopardy is lower & A ; gt ; We can choose each one tree individually if it will be felled or non and this enables the director to fell merely those trees that have reached their increase halt & A ; gt ; Better shelter proviso to fauna and flora & A ; gt ; Weedss are better controlled, since less weeds will turn & A ; gt ; It gives the highest possible protection for sensitive species in order to renew and turn in inauspicious climatic conditions, like hoar and air current 2.3.2. Disadvantages of the Selection system Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p.90-91 and Hart, 1991, p. 253-254 the disadvantages of the Selection system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; A high cognition and accomplishments are required & A ; gt ; Continuous fellings in the same country may non be perceived favorably by the populace & A ; gt ; No clearly output appraisal and finding & A ; gt ; Mostly shade tolerant species are favoured particularly in Single tree Selection system & A ; gt ; If there are jobs with insects and diseases in the country the control will be hard & A ; gt ; If certain harvest home methods are to be used so debasement of the site is possible & A ; gt ; High costs for be aftering and executing of the whole procedure ( taging, droping, regeneration ) & A ; gt ; Is non a suited system in croping countries & A ; gt ; During felling and extraction, hurts are caused to the standing trees & A ; gt ; There is non a determined period of thinning in which attending to the quality of the base will be given 3. Evaluation ( Comparisons and Contrasts ) of the two Silvicultural systems Taking into consideration all the above advantages and disadvantages of both Silvicultural systems, we can do some ratings and comparings, which are detailed discussed in the undermentioned paragraphs. 3.1. Fiscal considerations Under clear felling system there is no demand to engage specialised directors and labors, which will be of a higher cost, and since all trees are removed from the country net income will be higher. On the other manus, in most instances specialized heavy machineries are used for harvest home, conveyance, site readying and for planting/seeding and this addition the cost a batch. Using the clear felling system a big country and a batch of trees are felled. This means that the output will be the higher per unit of country. Besides, the activities cost per unit country will be much lower than in Selection system because machinery, labor, fellings and regeneration will be carried out in the same country. The cost for the extraction roads will be besides lower in the clear felling system ( Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, p. 53 ) . Site readying after clear felling is easier but more expensive per unit of country. Damages to standing trees and loss of lumber gross are besides avoided, since all trees are felled. Besides, in most instances where clear felling is used, unreal regeneration will be applied since no female parent trees to give their seed will be found in the neighbour country. On the contrary, by using choice system natural regeneration will be an evident, since a batch of environing female parent trees will be found. Sing regeneration, particularly if planting is to be applied in a clear cut country, seedlings will be of the coveted species, and the turning infinite will be controlled and so trees of better features will be grown ( Christou, 1995, p. 75, 90 ) . 3.2. Fauna and Flora Under Selection system, zoology and vegetation is less disrupted since trees are staying in the country. For illustration, under individual tree choice system if there is a nest on a tree, this tree will non be felled. Besides, in instances that sensitive or threatened flora species are found under some trees, or within a little country, the Forester will make up one's mind non to use droping on that country, enabling the protection and/or enlargement of this vegetation ( Christou, 1995, p. 75, 90 ) . 3.3. Aesthetic, Recreation and Amenity It is clear that, under Selection system, a natural visual aspect of the base will be produced i uneven aged base. This will increase the aesthetical value of the base and stand will be unfastened to public for diversion and agreeableness much earlier than if clear cut is applied ( Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, p. 54 ) . 3.4. Dirt and H2O protection In clear felling there is ever a large job with dirt eroding and landslides, since the whole felled country is unprotected from any trees. In choice system, particularly in the individual tree choice system the dirt is extremely protected from standing trees and staying land flora. Besides H2O catchments countries are enrich with much H2O ( Hart, 1991, p. 254 ) . 3.5. Tree features i shade tolerant / visible radiation demanding species When there is a demand to reforest an country utilizing light demanding species clear droping system is the most applicable since the base is opened plenty to acquire more visible radiation which favours their growing. If in the country shade tolerant species are found or if this type of species is to be used for re-afforestation so the Selection system is the most applicable. Under this system shade is provided to enable immature seedling to turn plenty and to be protected from inauspicious climatic conditions ( Christou, 1995, p. 90 ) . 3.6. Windfall, Insects, Diseases Animals and Weeds In the clear cut system there are no windfalls because all trees are felled, where in Selection System we may hold jobs with windfalls. Sing insects, diseases and animate beings the clear felling system offer more advantages since the country can be controlled by these inauspicious factors. All trees are cut and so no insects and diseases will stay in standing trees. Besides when there is a large job with animate beings, like the ruddy cervid in UK, a clear cut country can be fenced in order to avoid amendss to immature seedlings from animate beings ( Christou, 1995, p. 90 and Hart, 1991, p. 254 ) . In contrary, in the instance of weeds there will be a large job in clear cut countries because the whole country will be without any trees. In choice system there will be no job with weeds since weed invasion will be avoided due to the uninterrupted screen of the country with trees. 3.7. Ecosystem and Site factors Clear cut system will finish alter the ecosystem of the country. This will be really distinguishable in countries with trees that are hard to renew. With the application of Selection system the ecosystem is retained since ever trees will be present and will protect besides the under storey species. Now, sing site factors, e.g. in countries where there is a low precipitation, Selection system must be applied in order to protect and salvage H2O for immature regeneration. In the reverse, when the country has a high precipitation the clear cut system can be applied since immature seedling will non endure from draft. Decision Within the current study two chief silvicultural systems country discussed: a ) Clear felling and B ) Choice system. The first 1 does non follow any regulations since all the trees are felled, where in the 2nd system ( individual tree choice system ) a tree is removed if meets some standards. This indicates that particular cognition is needed. Both systems have many advantages and many disadvantages. In order to make up one's mind upon the system to be followed in an country, a batch of consideration must be taken, like, site conditions, direction ends, public agreeableness and diversion and public protests. In order to make up one's mind which Silvicultural system must be applied to each site a batch of factors must be examined such as the type of the harvest produced, site and climatic conditions, biological and fiscal considerations, biodiversity of the site and aesthetic factors. Both of the systems will give good consequences in their application if they are used in the correct sites with the right manner of application after analyzing in deepness of the factors mentioned above. Every system has its ain country of right application e.g. for United Kingdom which has a batch of rainfall but besides has a batch of jobs with windfalls Clear felling is the best system whether in Cyprus with really low precipitation and really dry summers Selection systems are the best for application. Besides for states where the lumber production and fiscal returns are the primary aims Clear cut is the most applicable system. Choice systems are the best systems for countries where aesthetic, diversion, nature preservation, ecology and sustainability are the chief aims.