Progress Conference Essay Example for Free

Progress Conference EssayAGENDAWhat are the points which I was able to do correctly?What are my common mistakes in writing?Is my publication broad enough to cover the essential parts?Are my sources credible and relevant to the topic Im writing most?Will my be on plan be effective, or should I redo it and think of other approaches?REVISIONOriginal paragraph In the case assignment, Chuck Hanrahan raised an cope on the problem of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the semipolitical will to implement them by the right agency. The critical thinking techniques of brownish and Keeley (2006) will serve as the model for this exercise. Hanrahans arguments are outlined below.The problem can be figure out only by addressing respective demand and supply factors. The government needs political will to implement fully laws covering illegal immigrant workers.Revised In the case assignment, Chuck H anrahan raises an issue on the problem of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes that existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the political will to implement them by the right agency. The model to be used as a guide for this case assignment will be that of Brown and Keeley (2006). Hanrahans arguments are outlined below.The problem can be solved only by addressing respective demand and supply factors. The government needs political will to fully implement laws covering illegal immigrant workers.ParaphrasingOriginal referenced textBy not using critical thinking techniques, management analysts whitethorn limit their views and opinions that prevent scrutiny of problem situation and unwittingly are led to the wrong solutions by decision traps (Langlois, G. 2007).ParaphraseCritical thinking techniques jockstrap management analysts to have a broader view of a problem, leading to the right solutions and away from decision traps.PROGRESS CHECK One of the main problems that I encountered is about talking and coordinating with other people. In order to solve this problem, I need toAssess which information that I have is relevant or not. ensconce on what course of action I have to take if the problem arises.Writing sentences which are clear and concise no matter what length it is.

Literacy Instruction and Difficulties with Reading Essay Example for Free

Literacy Instruction and Difficulties with Reading EssayIn todays world the consequences of having students attain low achievement scores in education basis be very detrimental to both individuals and society. Students who are attaining low achievement records in literacy often correlate with the school dropout rate, poverty, and unemployment. Also the gap between study achievement of poor and middle class students is substantial, c whollying for a federal regulation to ensure equal opportunities for all students no matter where they may be attending school. The standards movement and evidence-based look can have a great impact on how literacy programs are used in the classroom. Evidence-based rendering instruction performer that a particular guideing program has a record of success. The program was tested with a group of students and there is data to show the result of the research conducted. These programs are reliable and valid in saying that the children can be expect ed to make adequate gains in reading achievement. Evidence-based research can be very succorful when trying to find the right literacy program to use. As there are many different types of students who learn in different ways, there leave alone never be one single successful method of teaching children to read.When teachers are looking for literacy programs to use they should be investigating how old the students were, their accredited reading level, what type of setting it took place in, and if it was conducted on a one-on-one or group basis. Teachers want to find programs that have been successful and relate to their have current setting. It is crucial to make sure that the program is applicable to the students and their accompaniment in order to have an opportunity for the program to work. Another great motif is to use this research to create your own programs based on your findings.The teacher is now becoming a teacher-researcher in order to test their own situation with th eir created program. This is a great way to create a program for your unique students and still have the support of research that has been shown to work. If the program is successful, it is a great brain to share it with other colleagues because it may be affective for them as well. As with any type of instruction method there are always positives and negatives. Evidence-based reading instruction promotes the fact that that particular method has had a record of being successful.Teachers can look into studies that have been tested on students similar to their own, and give these programs a try. They have been shown to be successful and provide instruction that lead to a higher literacy achievement for that group of similar students. In doing this, you know there is a good chance that the method can work with your students, as opposed to trying something new that has no research to back it up. These research studies show wherefore and how the program deeds, along with providing dat a showing the difference it has made with the students.As stated earlier, not every child has the capacity to learn the same way. What works for one student, may not work for another. So even though these programs have been shown to work, they are not guaranteed to work for your students. As teachers in the fall in States we will be teaching students that come from many different cultural backgrounds. Different cultures have different opinions on the best way to educate students, however they all place great value on education for children. Some of these students may just be instruction to speak English, while others have lived in the United States for their whole lives.It is weighty, as the teacher, to get to know each student and their cultural background. This allows you to hear the needs of the child and how they can be met. Discover the childs strengths and weaknesses and create a plan that can be used to help that child. It is important to know what is important to each st udent and what may be disturbed in the home. The teacher needs to take into consideration how different cultural backgrounds of students may affect the classroom dynamics and learning.Students may also have current behaviors that are taking place in the classroom, but it could be a cultural reason for why that is taking place. The largest student group identified receiving peculiar(prenominal) education services is students with learning disabilities. A learning disability is a general term that refers to a group of disorders where students may face bafflingy. These disorders include learning to read, write, speak, listen, or do math. Out of all the students with learning disabilities about 80% have been diagnosed with having a reading problem.The goal for students with learning disabilities, especially reading disorders, is to be on the same academic level as our general education students. For some this is an attainable goal, where for others it is not. There are many ways we can help these students improve their literacy skills. Since many of these students are reading below grade level we need to provide them with reading materials that are at their current level. If it is too difficult they will become frustrated and may give up.These students need high interest, easy to read books so that they can begin to enjoy reading and detect themselves as readers and learners. In todays schools more than 20% of school aged children speak languages other than English at home. Many of these children have hindrance speaking English and the majority of these students having difficulty are speaking Spanish in their homes. English Language Learners need to be able to read, write and understand the English language in order to become successful in todays classrooms.We should be focusing on the students strengths in order to help them understand English. One strategy is allowing students to read in their native language if they are literate in that language. This all ows them to understand the same reading as another child who may be reading it in English. Many times these students are seen as reading on a lour level, but it is only because of a language barrier. They dont understand how to read in English. There are also many books that come with translations.Having students read a book in their language and then trying to read it in English can be helpful because they understand and know what the report is about, so when they face difficulty understanding the English version they can compare and figure it out. In doing this they can also make connections to many row in their own language by using cognates. This can foster comprehension by activating prior knowledge in both languages. It is important to allow them the opportunity to read in their native language because it offers a sense of comfort and success to the student.

Informal Jobs in Nicaragua

Informal Jobs in NicaraguaFreddy EspinozaNicaragua is a third world nation located in Central America. The capital of Nicaragua is Managua. It is the biggest country of the region with an extension of 129,442 km2. that its commonwealth is olive-sized in comparison with its size, scantily 6,071,042 habitants, although some cities like the capital, Managua, and Len be overpopulated.Nicaragua has had hard knocks in its economic history, provided overly has had erect times. In the 60s the economy of the country was beloved and increasing because of the industrialization but it started to descend when the great unwashed started to feel the oppression of the authoritarianism. in any case the economy was losing power because only the government and its bothies had all the money they were the largest owners of the industries while the rest of the population was unequal. Then in 1972 the economy got worst because of the quake of that year which destroyed almost comp permite th e downtown of the capital galore(postnominal) business and factories were destroyed so the production of the country decreased. In 1979 started the revolution (civil war) against the dictatorship Anastacio Somoza, causing a very low economic performance.During the revolution nation were fighting in the agrarian argonas therefore most of the croplands were destroyed. This caused the production of food to decrease and due to the short grow between the demand and the supply the prices were forced to increase in order to contract the demand. Also the revolutionaries were recruiting men in order to involve more power and fight against the National Guard, which was the presidents personal army. The reclusion caused a miss of labor for the production of goods because they had almost all their people flora in their guard. With this low production the inflation rate reached a percentage of 70% in 1979. The communist government of Daniel Ortega overthrew Somoza but they didnt do somethi ng good for the economy. They stayed in the power by imposing strength and controlling the imports and exports, so the other countries with different thinking couldnt export to Nicaragua because the government would non let their products come into the country.Due the political and economic crises in those times, Nicaraguas external debt increased excessively, even more than its gross domestic product beingnessness the debt insurmountable to pay. Since that time, government companies have been privatizing in order to reduce the external debt. Nowadays the economy has improved but there argon still delimited works and unemployment creating a social-economic problem because many people have opted for escaped jobs.Informal jobs are a type of work that occurs mostly in developing countries, these are characterized by employments that wear downt comply with legal formalities. They are divided in two wage employment and self-employment. In Nicaragua informal jobs are considered as p eoples works which are not in the formal sector of the economy. These jobs are not recognized by the INSS (Instituto Nicaraguense de Seguridad Social) which control the requirements and rights of workers, or are people who decides to work by themselves and they dont inscribe their business in the corresponded institution.In Nicaragua 63% of the population is considered poor, of that 63% the 43% is considered extremely poor and the 20% is considered poor. The education and sanitary conditions have increase but no too much, and almost the half of the population is unemployed. Half of the population doesnt purification their studies. The level of education sometimes is until 6th grade but in rural areas it hardily reaches 4th gradeEvery company wants the best for its economy so they try to look for the best level of workers that they buns have, thats why everybody needs a curriculum is they want a job in a formal company and have a good salary. The relation of this whit informal jobs is that in Nicaragua many people dont have a good grade of education and if they dont study a major they are not going to be able to compete for good works because their lack of knowledge is going to impede them get a work that another person with a major in that work knows how to do it. We see that every time it is more important for a person to study a major and get degrees in it because in that way they cannister win the competition against others and get a better job.Unfortunately unemployment is everywhere and Nicaragua does not offer too many good works and they are many college graduates who are looking for a job or working in a different area of what they studied. When people dont even celebrate a job in another area, sometimes they are forced to work in the informal sector and it get worst for people who dont have a major thats why we see a lot of immigrants working in our neighbor country of Costa Rica and The unify States. Sometimes the companies get advantage of this situation paying less or disrespecting the rights of workers. However they are people who look these problems and they decide to have self-employment because they prefer to exonerate their own money and work hard for a better future than feel their selves disrespected by someone else. In 2003 the INEC (Instituto Nicaraguense de Estadisticas y Censo) calculated that the amount of people working in informal Jobs according to their education was 4% from college graduates, 27% from high school, 46% from primary and 23% from any grade of education.Nowadays 79.2% of homes in Nicaragua have people working in the informal sector and in many they are the principal income for the family. This information was given by the recent field of study prepared by the firm M R, which by face to face interviews consulted 1,600 people over 16 years in all regions of the country. The rural population forms the biggest amount of people working in this sector the cause of this is almost in its totality due the education because in rural areas the education is hard-fought because the teachers have to travel through difficult paths where the communication is difficult and in some places it does not even exist yet, the students have to walk large distances sometimes confronting dangerous rivers in order to get education but sometimes it is impossible to get in some days because in winter because the lack of communication routes and the river flow increases dont let the student go to his destiny.Informal jobs in urban areasUrban areas like Managua are characterized because you can arrive people from all the areas of the country that have come to the urban areas looking for a best future and good opportunities of work. Usually people from rural areas are the principal ones who emigrates to the urban areas looking for a best income but sometimes what they find is not what they thought. Due to their lack of education people operate them just like gardeners, guards, and mates earning a low salary and sometimes they dont know their rights and are overexploited or they just do not denounced their bosses in order to dont lose their jobs.In urban areas the biggest amount of informal jobs are seen in their local markets. Managua has 8 markets, being el Mercado eastern the biggest market in the country and in Central America the new official data of the Corporacin de Mercados de Managua (Commema) indicates that el Mercado oriental is officially composed of 91 blocks. In these markets are estimated 35 thousand fixed traders and a similar amount of informal workers who works with baskets, wagons, and some ones who tend their products these people are called unsettled workers. Meanwhile the itinerant workers work by themselves they are others who prefers to work for somebody else in the business of the markets, but the problem is that they in like manner get in the informal sector because almost in all the cases they dont get a formal contract and they are not inscrib e in the INSS. These markets have a committee named CONMEMA which collect leases but they dont collect any money from itinerant workers.Also they are many people who decided to create their own business at home and they create a pulpera, this is basically a minimarket where you can find basic things that you forgot to buy in the supermarket commonly normal goods and inferior goods. In Managua and Masaya you usually are going to find fritangas at night, fritangas are small restaurants where you can find typical food and their food is characterized for being unhealthy but delicious the fritangas are not registered or controlled by the ministry of health in the majority because they have emerged spontaneously and they are not famous enough to attract the attention of the institution, even though they are some others which comply with all the requirements and licenses. Actually fritangas have taken part of our culture and if you are a foreign you should try it when you visit Nicaragua.I n the semaphores you will see the different products that the itinerant workers sell to the cars since fruits of the season until covers for cellphones and exotic animals like parrot. Government institutions like the MARENA (Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) have taken rules against the sale of exotic animals but they are still people selling. Also they are people who are glass cleaners, so they continue the semaphore to turn red in order to start working but sometimes they dont get even a Cordoba. In these places we can even see the influence of child exploitation in informal jobs and homeless. Actually they have appeared women carrying newborn children and they ask for money to the cars and pedestrians, they do all these under the shining and hot sun of the tropic. They are other parents who came with their children to work and their children wait in the boulevard while the parents work, or they help their parents. The child exploitation also is reflected with parents that wait and watch their children since the boulevard, observing that they are working constantly every selling a product or begging.Child exploitation is common in informal jobs because it is the only place where children can work. According to Nicaraguan laws their age dont let them work even they want to work because it is considered child exploitation so if they get a job in a formal business or company this can be demanded, meanwhile the informal sector is not controlled or regulated by any constitution so they can work there with any problem while there is not an investigation. The situation in the semaphores is sad to see. Even though it has being show in national television programs and television reports, it is still seeing clearly that they are not changes and the situation continues.Informal jobs in rural areas rude areas have the biggest rate of informal jobs the causes are their level of education and the developed of the region. Because of the limited accessibility a nd the lack of infrastructure the economy activities are limited and it is base in agriculture and animal husbandry. In the most remote rural areas, people mostly harvest for their own consumption and the animal husbandry is scarce. Their income is only from the little amount of product that is left after they save enough products for consumption. The little money that they earn is used to buy clothes or a tool to improve their harvest. Commonly these people have only a cow and two chickens although it is hard to believe they have learned to subsist just with that limitations some people continue doing it and they have family and are able to raise their children.

Healthcare Professional Understanding and Response to Alarms

Health shell out Professional Understanding and Response to AlarmsObstacles and Solutions for Healthcare Professionals (HP)s brain and retort to varan dismaysA literature ReviewImage(1)Abstract The alarm systems employed in the intensive care unit (ICU) are lively for uncomplaining care and safety. They give readings for heart rate, oximetry and the cut-offs for the alarms are delimitate by the individual or the manufacturer. There have been adverse events associated with alarms systems and recently, it has become a monstrous wellness hazard. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature for healthcare professionals (HP) collar and chemical reaction to oversee alarms in the hospital and any solutions proposed.Mohammad Omar Aziz112120367University College Cork24/11/2014INTRODUCTIONThe alarm systems give readings of many physiological variables including heart rate, respiratory rate, oximetry and the cut-offs for the alarms are set by the individual or the manufactur er(2). These alarms can also be silenced. The machine employed in NICU in CUMH contains a Stop and Pause snuff it(2). The Pause function silences all alarm parameters for 2 minutes, whereas the stop function silences only one particular alarm parameter for 1 minute. There is also a setting known as Extreme alarm, which alerts the HP when the particular physiological variable has gotten worse (eg oxygen saturation has been gotten less than 80% for neonates in CUMH). The reason for such functions (ie stop and pause) is that an alarm may not be deemed serious by the HP and the HP may decide to wait and see if this is just an isolated incident. Also, alarms may not be as serious and the HP may deem it to be a false positive (FP). This is because the alarms are just one input of information for the HP and he/she takes into account other inputs, such as clinical context(3). Also, the patient population itself in the ICU is to be considered. For example, it is common for neonates to have episodes of tachycardia and as such, isolated incidents would not cause the HP to be worried ab give away patient. Rather, the alarms become worrisome if the variables are not coming back to normal limits (i.e. assessing if the alarms are continuing to goodly as conflicting to being an isolated incident)(2).The alarms are aimed to have a eminent specificity so that a straightforward event is not missed. However, this can be burdensome. In a day in the ICU, this could translate to 187 alarms/bed, of which majority are false positive alarms(4). Another study set up that for a cardiac surgery, some 1 alarm would go off every minute and approximately 80% of the alarms had no practical benefit (i.e. no clinical action could be taken)(5).Alarm systems can lead to adverse events and in 2010, alarm hazards was amongst the top 10 technology health hazards and in 2012, it had surpassed the others to become the leading technology health hazard(6, 7). The potential consequences of adverse events can be fatal as one of the databases for the FDA had reported that in a span of 3 years, from 2005 to 2008, there were 566 deaths think to monitor device alarms(8). In Ireland (NICU in CUMH), a neonate could have been hypoxic after a prolonged plosive consonant due to mis dread of alarms, highlighting the global shell of such a problem(2).OBJECTIVEThis literature review was aimed to see if there are any papers dealing with HPs understanding and result to monitor alarms in critical care setting and ways in which it is affected. Response and understanding in this paper refers to whether the staff (i) responded/became aware of the alarm and (ii) carried show up the correct response based on the alarm that sounded. These specifically areFactors affect their response and understandingEffects of in-adequate response and understandingSolution(s) proposed to better response and understandingDifference in understanding after stratification between doctors and nurses, between spec ialties of ICU (e.g. CCU vs NICU)The conclusions drawn from the review go out give insight into audits carried out in CUH regarding monitor alarms and solutions to close the audit loop. It will also allow for comparison of HPs understanding in CUH to others hospitals.METHODSInclusion Criteria papers that dealt with the followingHPs understanding/interaction with monitor alarmsAlarms employed in Hospital (as opposed to ambulatory care)The following databases were searched PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration. Preference was given to nearly recent articles as well as review articles. Abstracts were reviewed and if they met inclusion criteria, they were read. Filters applied English, Full Text available, HumanSearch terms entered involve monitor Alarms, Monitor alarms + Understanding, Monitor Alarms + Fatigue, Alarms.Cochrane database yielded no articles with any of the search terms, except alarms( which yielded articles, but they had no relevance to topic).RESULTSAlarm fatigue and its resultant on HPs understandingAlarms, by their nature, are in place to alert the staff that the patient needs attending to and have limits set in place such that a true event is not missed. As a result, they have a tendency to stuffer from a high false positive rate (FP) and thus, poor positive predictive value (PPV)(9). clinically insignificant and/or FP alarms range from 80-99%(9, 10). Another study done showed the PPV to be as low as 27%(11). This contributes to staff not being aware of the alarms (desensitization), mistrust in the alarms and not responding to them(3, 9). As stated earlier, 566 alarm related deaths were reported to FDA from 2005 to 2008(8).Alarms can be induced by patient motion, which further contributes to false alarms(12). These cases can be avoided by staff silencing the alarms for a set period of time prior to moving the patient(11).Due to the high FP rate of alarms, the more reliable the alarm is (i.e. how well it predicts true alarm), the higher the respo nse will be from staff(9). Also, the factors that determine response can be divided into intrinsic to the alarm itself and extrinsic.Internal factors are whether alarm continues to sound or it ceases to sound soon (i.e. alarm duration). Also, the more rare or unlikely for an alarm to go off, the more it would warrant a response. The limits set by the staff for the alarm may not be appropriate for the given patient resulting in having too many alarms that are not actionable(5).Extrinsic factors to an alarm are work load, task complexity, patient condition. The higher the workload or task complexity, HPs have a lower tendency to react to it. The opposite is true for the more intemperate the patients condition is(3, 9).Solutions proposed to improve response and understandingTo reduce the high FP rate, and ultimately, improve alarm response, several(predicate) solutions have been proposed in the literature. Since alarms often self-correct, by adding a delay time to the alarms before t hey sound can reduce the number of alarms themselves(11). Smart Alarms can be introduced that have algorithms in place that will alert only if it is a true alarm(9). These systems take trends into account as opposed to raw data itself. Increasing the mint of alarms higher than environment was recommended (as opposed to having a fixed dB level for an alarm sound)(13). This is supported by the fact that sound may not be heard due to elbow fashion doors closed, events such as noise produced by machines that clean the floors(14). It is further supported by the fact that most hospitals have exceeded the noise levels recommended by WHO, and as such, the volume of the alarm should be customized to the environment to ensure it is heard(15). However, other literature favours different modalities of alarms (i.e. visual or vibrating), since the noise contributes to symptoms in staff such as fatigue and concentration problems(16). Standardization of alarm sounds would fall the number of ala rm sounds the HPs have to learn(17). Another solution proposed has been to have a profound notification centre as opposed to a staff supervise patient(s)when their alarms go off, which was reported to be advantageous.Alarm limits should be changed to levels by HPs taking into account if the alarm goes off, it will require some sort of clinical action, and the patients specific condition(s)(9). This is in contrast to when HPs do not change limits and keep to default levels set by manufacturer, which are set to different values depending on the country (18). Customizing limits will decrease the alarm load and increase sensitivity to alarms by healthcare staff(18).Ongoing training should be provided to the staff with an aim to have the training environment as closely simulating the real clinical environment as possible(9). Training in the form of showing staff how to troubleshoot alarms should also be implemented. Alarms that have built in intelligent system to assist in troubleshoot ing have shown to be beneficial. In a simulated environment, intelligent alarms helped the anaesthetists solve various breathing circuit faults 62% faster (45 sec to 17 sec)(19).DISCUSSIONPros and Cons of LiteratureThere is evidence in the literature on the potential adverse events of alarms and reasons for such events and the ghastliness of this problem. Solutions to improve understanding were also given.There was no study found that dealt with whether staff understood how to operate the alarms properly and to what extent did this problem exist. Information related to the severity of the problem only indicated a problem in understanding and response. However, there was no mention of whether any of the deaths were due to the HPs not penetrating what buttons to press once the alarm came on (eg did they silence the alarm for too long without intimate). This could be a potential barrier in improving understanding since solutions such as ongoing precept can not be customized effectiv ely.The review of the literature has only taken data from nurses or doctors, but not both. Therefore, comparisons in understanding between doctors and nurses could not be made. Majority of data and studies was done on nurses. However, this is expected since nurses wouldve interacted with the alarms more oft than doctors since they are more frequently at the bedside of the patient and are the first to react to any alarms of the patient.Also, no studies have been found to compare understanding between HPs of different specialties. It would be expected that any critical unit, regardless of specialty, wouldve had the same obstacles to monitor alarm understanding since the reasons for alarm fatigue are the same across the specialties. However, knowing of such studies would yield information about which alarm(s) specifically do the staff understand better or worse? Also, there is a possibility that the understanding diminishes when certain machine alarms are simultaneously on (e.g. venti lator machine as well as monitor alarm). As a result, training could be tailored to each specialty and emphasis placed on areas where their understanding is not sufficient.CONCLUSIONThe literature review suggests that the level of monitor alarm understanding and response is not sufficient. Also, this problem of monitor alarm response and understanding is serious and not to be taken lightly. In terms of barriers in response and understanding, they include too many alarms as well as types, low PPV of alarms, inappropriate limits. Also, no studies have been found that stratify this understanding based on staff (ie doctors or nurses) or specialty (e.g. CCU vs NICU). Moreover, the reasons identified for barriers in understanding of alarms did not appear to be different between doctors and nurses. No studies have been found that assess, specifically, whether the HP knew difference in operating the alarm system itself (ie did they press correct button to silence an alarm). The studies look ed at whether they reacted to the alarms and if they did, did they carry out the correct response.Solutions proposed include incorporating delays, having smart alarms, using different modalities for alarms as well as having continuous teaching.HPs use alarms as one of the inputs in their decision devising process. While alarms are there to alert of any physiological variable crossing a limit (in order to not miss a true event), this leads to the PPV being compromised and as such, the confidence and response to such an alarm decreases. Thus, moving forward, it is essential that strategies are aimed to increase the PPV of alarms, decrease the number of alarms themselves, and incorporate continuous teaching to ensure that the input alarms give holds more weight for the HP in the decision making process.Word Count 1973 (Excluding abstract and methods)REFERENCES1.Insights A. Online. 2014 Nov. 21, 2014. Available from http//www.anesthesiainsights.com/news/.2.Aziz MO. Monitor Alarms (CUMH ) discussion with Brian (Biomed) and Prof. C. Ryan (Neonatologist). Monitor Alarms in CUMH ed2014.3.Bitan Y, Meyer J, Shinar D, Zmora E. Nurses reactions to alarms in a neonatal intensive care unit. Cogn Tech Work. 2004 2004/11/016(4)239-46. English.4.Drew BJ, Harris P, Zegre-Hemsey JK, Mammone T, Schindler D, Salas-Boni R, et al. Insights into the problem of alarm fatigue with physiologic monitor devices a comprehensive observational study of consecutive intensive care unit patients. PloS one. 20149(10)e110274. PubMed PMID 25338067. Pubmed Central PMCID Pmc4206416. Epub 2014/10/23. eng.5.Schmid F, Goepfert MS, Kuhnt D, Eichhorn V, Diedrichs S, Reichenspurner H, et al. The wolf is crying in the operating room patient monitor and anesthesia workstation alarming patterns during cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2011 Jan112(1)78-83. PubMed PMID 20966440. Epub 2010/10/23. eng.6.Institute E. Health Devices 2010 TOP 10 TECHNOLOGY HAZARDS. US.7.Institute E. Health Devices TOP 10 w ellness TECHNOLOGY HAZARDS FOR 2014. US ECRI Institute, 2013.8.(FDA) FaDA. FDA Patient Safety News Show 106, January 2011 Alarming Monitor Problems. January 2011. Report No.9.Cvach M. Monitor alarm fatigue an integrative review. biomedical instrumentation technology / Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2012 Jul-Aug46(4)268-77. PubMed PMID 22839984. Epub 2012/07/31. eng.10.Lawless ST. Crying wolf false alarms in a pediatric intensive care unit. Critical care medicine. 1994 Jun22(6)981-5. PubMed PMID 8205831. Epub 1994/06/01. eng.11.Gorges M, Markewitz BA, Westenskow DR. Improving alarm performance in the medical intensive care unit using delays and clinical context. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2009 May108(5)1546-52. PubMed PMID 19372334. Epub 2009/04/18. eng.12.Chambrin MC, Ravaux P, Calvelo-Aros D, Jaborska A, Chopin C, Boniface B. Multicentric study of monitoring alarms in the adult intensive care unit (ICU) a descriptive analysis. Intensive care medicine. 1 999 Dec25(12)1360-6. PubMed PMID 10660842. Epub 2000/02/08. eng.13.Minoru H, Eiji S, Mototake T, Kenichi K, Hirosuke K, Satoshi W. Characteristics of Auditory Alarms for Medical Equipment and Future Issues. Journal of clinical Engineering. 200530(4)208-.14.Sobieraj J, Ortega C, West I, Voepel L, Battle S, Robinson D. Audibility of patient clinical alarms to hospital nursing personnel. Military medicine. 2006 Apr171(4)306-10. PubMed PMID 16673744. Epub 2006/05/06. eng.15.McLaren E, Maxwell-Armstrong C. Noise pollution on an acute surgical ward. Annals of the august College of Surgeons of England. 2008 Mar90(2)136-9. PubMed PMID 18325214. Pubmed Central PMCID Pmc2443309. Epub 2008/03/08. eng.16.Ryherd EE, Waye KP, Ljungkvist L. Characterizing noise and perceived work environment in a neurological intensive care unit. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2008 Feb123(2)747-56. PubMed PMID 18247879. Epub 2008/02/06. eng.17.Phillips J, Barnsteiner JH. Clinical alarms improvi ng efficiency and effectiveness. Critical care nursing quarterly. 2005 Oct-Dec28(4)317-23. PubMed PMID 16239820. Epub 2005/10/22. eng.18.Block FE, Jr., Nuutinen L, Ballast B. Optimization of alarms a study on alarm limits, alarm sounds, and false alarms, intend to reduce annoyance. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing. 1999 Feb15(2)75-83. PubMed PMID 12578080. Epub 2003/02/13. eng.19.Westenskow DR, Orr JA, Simon FH, Bender HJ, Frankenberger H. Intelligent alarms reduce anesthesiologists response time to critical faults. Anesthesiology. 1992 Dec77(6)1074-9. PubMed PMID 1466459. Epub 1992/12/01. eng.

Blackbird Play Review And Analysis Theatre Essay

Blackbird Play Review And Analysis Theatre EssayAfter existence separated for 15 years, Una comes looking for Ray at his workplace after discovering his picture in a magazine. They once had an illicit family, and have been suffering the consequences ever since. What transpires next is a series of chilling twists and turns as details of their sordid past begin to unravel.Blackbird is essentially a 75-minute duologue among 2 tormented souls, in an extremely filthy and under-maintained office pantry, which Ray calls a pigsty. This intense confrontation, being the focal point of the entire play, situates itself in a hold in space. The claustrophobia is evident in the beginning of the play, when Ray keeps finding excuses to leave the pantry.Director Tracie Pangs artistic directions add a dimension of compelling realism, that would have been some otherwise scatty from the near-claustrophobic confrontation taking place onstage. The minimalist set design by Nicholas Li (with just a dim fluorescent tube light, a dispensing machine, a clogged litter bin, a few lockers, one table and four chairs) echoes Rays repressed life. The barbed wire lining the top of the set is a trying on reminder of the entrapment Una felt throughout her entire life. The subtle use of sound by Darren Ng (constant buzzing sound of a dully running office) likewise contributes to the mellow tone of the play.The most sublime scene in the play fully transports the audience to relive that fateful moment of elopement 15 years ago. The interplay between actors, set, lights and sound is at its best. Darren Ngs sound design (seagulls on a beach, a bell tolling midnight) balances perfectly with the action onstage, teasing out the nuances during that scene. The projection of symbolic images on the pantry windows also creates a stunning effect.It is no surprise that David Harrowers script has received the critical acclaim it has. The beauty of the script lies in its emotive baffle of the juvenile mindset. The describes written for Unas flashback of her younger days (the yearning thoughts, the defence mechanism, the way a young girl would see the world) is spot-on and succinct. I am impressed by how Harrower slowly teases the audience by choosing to reveal morsels of new information about their past as the plot unfolds, thus ensuring that the audience is constantly engaged.Every line of dialogue between Una and Ray is wrought with a dark emotion which blurs the boundaries between right and wrong. The audience plunges deep into the damaged and disturbed psyches of Harrowers two constituents who adjudicate for answers but arrive at none. Like most plays dealing with illicit affairs, Blackbird leaves the audience questioning Who is the culprit? Who is the victim? Is there necessarily a clear-cut right and wrong in their relationship? It is Una who discovered Rays whereabouts and sought him out, but to what purpose Revenge, reconciliation or resolution?Augusto Boal, the founde r of Theatre of the Oppressed, sees field of honor as the passionate combat of two human beings on a platform (Boal, 1995). Boals approach attempts to substitute passivity with empowerment (monologue with dialogue). Monologue creates a relationship of oppressor versus oppressed, as the person talking forces his counterpart into listening. All relationships could tend to become a monologue, a man and a woman, one of them tends to become the actor and the other one, the spectator.Human relationship should be a dialogue but one of them sometimes becomes active and the other passive. So oppression is this All dialogues that become monologues (Boal, 1979).In Blackbird, the roles of the oppressor and the oppressed are constantly reversed as Una and Ray attempt to assume power over each other. The confrontation between Una and Ray starts at a frenetic pace with Una being the oppressor, circling Ray like a vulture and forcing him into a corner with words like a scalpel. Ray keeps finding e xcuses to leave the pantry as he suspects Una of hiding a weapon.However, the tables are turned (literally) when Ray starts to justify his wrongdoings with an assertive tone, leaning towards Una with clenched fists, time Una tries to neutralise him by facing the wall. During Unas flashback monologue, she clutches her bag tightly as she recalls about her suffering, while Ray collapses into a chair, burying his head in his palms with repent. The tug-of-war continues as they light beam up the past through passion-laden monologues and exchanges.Blackbird is a dialogue of hurt and wayward passion, told with superb onstage chemistry. Credit goes to Daniel Jenkins and Emma Yong for digging deep to produce extraordinarily layered performances. Their excellent turns bring Harrowers deservedly-acclaimed script to life. I specifically wish to highlight Emma Yongs performance.Yongs connection to her character Una is exceptionally amazing. She shows her remarkable versatility as a 27-year-old who has undergo deep tragedy as a child. This illicit affair resurfaces after 15 years where Ray has moved on to a new life, while Una has been left to drown in shame. She remains stone-faced the entire time but her eyes express a myriad of emotions, from hatred to madness to confusion to yearning.Yongs divide of conflicted pain during her flashback monologue is beautifully heart-wrenching. She ably navigates the complex psychological aspect of Unas character and conveys the emotional range required for a character who had sexual social function with a man at a tender age. However, one minor flaw would be her pace in line delivery, which sounds rushed at times.Jenkins plays his character Ray with equal passion. His pace, in contrast to Yong, is more balanced. He discharges his performance with gusto, engaging the audience and leading them to sympathise with his plight as the drama unfolds. I was surprised that Jenkins was not initially cast as the male lead.Blackbird was postpon ed from March 2010 to September due to the unusual circumstance of actor Patrick Teoh quitting the production. Teoh felt that he was unable to fulfil the demands of the role. After watching the play, one could probably see where he was coming from.It is essentially just two people in the analogous space for 75 minutes, but truth be told, it did not feel that long at all. The 75-minute playing time is filled to the brim with palpable tenseness and raw emotions. When the cliffhanger climax ended with a truly unexpected twist, I found myself at the edge of my seat.Quoting Unas opening line Shocked?Yes indeed.Blackbird appears to be a simple situation begging for a simple judgment It was abuse, was it not? But the complicated tangle of emotions leaves one with a feeling of fretting and unease which is hard to shake off, even after the curtain falls.

Plato :: essays research papers

As a psyche in the ancient classic cosmos, I have become aware of the logos of the cosmos. The cosmos becomes knowable to me through the virtues of truth, goodness, and beauty. Logos is Greek for measure and cosmos, a Greek word, green goddess be translated as meaning totality. When I encounter the Greeks, they claim that there are three elements to cosmos. The first factor is anthrapoi which is Greek for gentlemans gentleman-like. The word anthrapoi resembles the English word, anthropology, which is the study of human life. The second element is polis, which is Greek for the political city. The final element is the psyche, which in Greek means the soul or the mind. The psyche enables thinking. According to the Greeks, there is no separation there is only unification between mind and thoughts, which is the psyche part of matters in the world.One Greek philosopher, Parmenides posits that to think is the same as to be and that knowledge is certainty. Like Descartes, Parmendies beli eves that to know is to know with certainty. However, Descartes method of attaining knowledge is through doubt, whereas Parmendies manner is through identifying with the circumstance. One can associate Parmendies definition of knowledge as being eternal, unchanging, single, and homogeneous. Parmendies lays out the two requirements for achieving knowledge both which involve the psyche. The first requirement is that angiotensin converting enzyme cannot be completely certain of knowledge obtained through the senses because the things that one senses are constantly changing. Moreover, the idea that the senses are in a states of flux concurs with his notion of knowledge is unchangeable. His second necessity is that since senses give relativism then sense apprehension will always be changing. Parmendies also claims that the only world that truly exists is the world that occurs. Present in his theories are two realms, the Realm of Nous (Greek), which can be translated into English as rea lity or knowledge and the Realm of Soma which is Greek for appearances. Characteristics existent in the Realm of Reality are changeless, immutable, individual, homogeneous, and singular. On the contrary, in the Realm of Appearance are factors that are plural, heterogeneous, and changeable. When Parmendies exists and is in being, he is in the Realm of Reality, also referred to as the Realm of Knowledge. In addition, the only thing he is certain of is in his mind or psyche. Therefore, Parmendies definition is only applied in the Realm of the Mind.

Iconoclasm and Iconophilia in Othello :: Othello Essays

Iconnoclasm and Iconophilia in OthelloIn his book War Against the Idols, Carlos Eire argues that iconoclastic resistance to the Medieval Catholic Church began with the gentle scolding of Erasmus and ended as the shibboleth of radical Calvinism.1 The use of characterizations in religious instruction and practice was one of the major points of enmity between Protestant reformers and Catholic counter-reformers. Iconoclasm was certainly not confined to radical Calvinism Angli put up reformers, especially those who had spent time in continental Europe as exiles (like John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury), quickly raised the issue in their country, which had its own unique history of religious reform. The discussions of image and idolatry in Calvin and Jewel represent particular(prenominal) theories of the image that derive from but in like manner revise ancient Platonic theories of the image. Reformation iconoclasm brings up issues of ontology (who or what is God?), epistemology (by wh at means are we to know him? can he be represented to human senses?), and ethics (how does knowledge of God translate into moral action?). Protestant iconoclasts tend to emphasize the epistemological price (or rather, worthlessness) of religious imagery, while the Catholic iconophiles emphasize the positive moral effects to be derived from the use of images in religious instruction.Although sparked in the 1520s and 30s, the debate between iconoclasts and iconophiles raged passim the latter sixteenth century, well into Shakespeares time. The iconoclastic writings of Zwingli and Calvin had a powerful legacy throughout Europe. Calvins collected Institutes of the Christian Religion was published in 1559. by chance spurred by theological arguments like Calvins, violent stripping of church imagery and other popular agitation over idolatry took place in Switzerland and elsewhere on the continent. In England, John Jewels dialogues with Dr. Harding on the subject of imagery, drawing very much on Calvins arguments, were published in 1565 and again in 1611. During the English Reformation, the churches and monasteries of England were also stripped of their images by some Protestant objectors. It is clear that iconoclasm was an issue not only for elite churchmen--it also captured the hearts and minds of the general population, who were the audience of Shakespeares theater.The problem of the image is traced, by many Protestant theologians, to several major scriptural conflicts. The first important reference is Gods pronouncement in Genesis Let us denounce man in our image, after our likeness (Gen.