Bath concentration of ACh (M) Essay

Results Figure 1 shows that the response of the tissue increased with bath concentration of ACh (M). The logarithms of bath concentration for each response were used to form a clear sigmoidal formation, and thus depict a more clear relationship between concentration and response. Figure 1 shows the increasing rate of response as bath concentration increased, before plateauing around the highest concentrations. Responses ranged from 0.685-100%, while bath concentrations of ACh ranged from 2 x 10-10 M to 8 x 10 ­-6 M (see Appendix, Table 1). The effective concentration causing half of the maximal response (EC50) occurred at a bath concentration of 2.74 x 10-8 M. The Hill coefficient of this curve was 1.237, indicating positive cooperativity. A representation of the isotonic contractions of the ileum can be seen in Appendix, Figures 1 and 2. Figure 2 illustrates the response of the Guinea Pig ileum through isotonic contractions when a dose of ACh is added into the organ bath with a competitive antagonist. A relationship between response and bath concentration can be identified through the clear sigmoidal formation observed in Figure 2. The responses ranged from 0-100% while bath concentrations ranged from 2 x 10-10 M to 8 x 10 ­-6 M (see Appendix, Table 1). The Hill coefficient of the curve was found to be 2.468 while the EC50 occurred at a bath concentration of 6.43 x 10-7. (Legend) Figure 1. The concentration-response curve to ACh in the absence of a competitive antagonist. Each dose of ACh was added to an organ bath containing a section of Guinea Pig ileum and Tyrode’s solution at physiological temperature. The response to ACh was measured by the isotonic contractions of the ileum until the maximum response was reached for the dose, using an isotonic force transducer with metal counter-weight of approximately 0.5g. A wash cycle of approximately 30 seconds overflow was then used to prepare the tissue for the next dose. Figure 2. The concentration-response curve to ACh in combination with a competitive antagonist (Atropine). Each dose of ACh was added to an organ bath containing a Guinea Pig ileum in Atropine solution set at bodily temperature. The response to eat dose of ACh was measured through isotonic contractions of the ileum using an isotonic force transducer with a metal  counter-weight of 0.5g. The response was measured periodically until the maximum response for the dose was achieved.

Lucent Technologies Deferred Taxation

Executive Summary This memorandum is intended to communicate the deferred tax issues of Lucent Technologies Inc. on the basis of analysis of the veracity of the situation according to the reporting framework’s guidelines to anticipate unfavorable implications that had been resulted due to poor performance of the company over the past years. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the recognized body for making pronouncements as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs) in the United States.The FASB has promulgated Statement of Financial Accounting Standard # 103 â€Å"Accounting for Income Taxes† which specifically prescribes the treatment of income taxes of corporate entities and guidance for how deferred taxes should be recorded either an asset or a liability in the financial statements. It also provides assistance in certain cases requiring a valuation allowance to be used to reduce the carrying value of any deferred tax asset for which it was †Å" more likely than not† that the asset would not be realized.The main reason behind the issue is the impact of cut-throat competition in the telecom industry and downturn in the economic conditions which had adversely affected the company’s overall financial performance as a result deferred taxes amounting to $ 7. 6 billion as of September 30, 2011 have been recognized against deductible temporary differences, operating losses and tax credit carry forwards. However, under the prevailing circumstances, it is apparent that the company will not be able to generate positive taxable income in the future periods to offset the losses.Accordingly, as per FAS # 109 the valuation allowance has to be reviewed against potential tax assets and for any items in which it is more probable through persuasive and reliable evidence that the asset will not reduce future taxable income Analysis Since after the inception of its operations in November 1995, the quality production and innovat ion were key business success factors. However, eventually with the passage of time the entry of new firms in the telecom industry such as Alcatel, Ciena, Cisco, Ericsson, and Motorola Inc. , have intensified the level of competition.As a result of this most industry participant opted to strengthen their relationships with large service providers, as they represented over 70% of global carrier spending. The collapse of competitive local exchange carriers and other competitors of incumbent carriers had resulted in fewer customers. In addition the large service providers, has been consolidating, thus giving the remaining service providers additional buying power. Furthermore, as service providers continued to reduce their capital spending, fewer sales opportunities existed.Moreover, a number of its existing competitors were very large companies with substantial technical, engineering, and financial resources, brand recognition and established relationships with global service provider s. These competitors were able to offer low prices, additional products or services, or other incentives. These potential competitors were also in a stronger position to respond quickly to new or emerging technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, and make more attractive offers to potential customers, employees, and third-party agents.During the company’s financial year ending September 30, 2001, Lucent had lost $16 billion placing its retained earnings into a net deficit. Subsequently, in the first and seconds quarters of fiscal 2002, the trend continued with losses of $423 million and $495 million respectively. As of September 30, 2001, Lucent had tax credit carry forwards of $898 and federal, state and local, and non-U. S. net operating loss carry forwards of $ 1,640 (tax effected), most of which expire primarily after the year 2019.As of September 30, 2001, Lucent has recorded valuation allowances totaling $ 742 against these carry forwards, primarily in certain states and foreign jurisdictions in which Lucent has concluded it is ‘more likely than not’ that these carry forwards will not be recognized. The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows; Year Ended September 30, | 2001| 2000| |   | $ in ‘000’| $ in ‘000’| Deferred Income Tax Assets|   |   | | Bad Debt and customer financing reserves| $ 1,004| $ 2|   | Inventory reserves| 685| 314| | Business restructuring reserves| 632| -|   | Other operating reserves| 536| 407|   | Postretirement and other benefits| 2,386| 2,352|   | Net operating loss/ credit carry forwards| 2,538| 240|   | Other | 636| 364| | Valuation allowance| (742)| (197)| Total deferred tax assets| 7,675| 3,562| |   | | |Deferred Income Tax liabilities| | | | Pension| 1,971| 2,480| | Property, plant and equipment| 5| 417|   | Other| 521| 734| Total deferred tax liabilities| $ 2,497 | $ 3,631| Keeping in view the above figures, it turned out that the company’s remaining deferred tax assets amount to $ 5. 2 billion and since it is a substantial amount the company’s management may however believe that it would be realized based on forecasted taxable income.However, as per FAS # 109, paragraph 17, issued February 1992, whereby it stipulates that a valuation is required when it is ‘more likely than not’ that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be recognized. Therefore, forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed is difficult when there is negative evidence such as cumulative losses in past recent years as mentioned above. Hence, cumulative losses weigh heavily in the overall assessment.During the fiscal 2002 third quarter end review, the company should need to consider several significant developments in determining the need for a full valuation allowance including; * The continuity and recently more severe market decline * Uncertainty and lack of visibility in the telecommunication market as a whole * A significant decrease in sequential quarterly revenue levels * A decrease in sequential earnings after several quarters of sequential improvements The necessity for further restructuring and cost reduction actions to attain profitability As a result of this assessment, the company has established a full valuation allowance for its remaining net deferred tax assets as at June 30, 2002. Lucent recorded a non-cash charge of $ 5. 83 billion, or $ 1. 70 per share, to provide a full valuation allowance on its remaining deferred tax assets as June 30, 2002. This charge was partially offset by a third quarter income tax benefit of $282 million on a pro forma basis, and $ 505 million on as-reported basis.In order for the company’s management to determine whether a valuation allowance is required, managers should consider all available evidence. FAS # 109 divides this evidence into negati ve (that is, the asset is unlikely to be realized) and positive evidence. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses in recent years; a history of operating loss carries forwards expiring unused, losses expected in early future years, or assets expected to reverse in a single year in a cyclical business.The statement declares that forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed is difficult when there is negative evidence. In contrast, positive includes a strong earnings history (exclusive of any current loss), existing contracts that will produce taxable income in the period of the asset turnaround, or a large excess of appreciated asset value over a tax basis and tax planning strategies.Accordingly, based on the two types of evidences mentioned above, the views of the SEC staff with respect to valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and the types of questions that they might ask if they reviewed the Lucent’s financial reports are as follows ; * With respect to valuation allowances the SEC is likely to look at the basics for having or not having a valuation allowance, the timing of recording changes, or consistency with other forward-looking information * Comments relating to the adequacy of disclosures, the actual descriptions of rate reconciliation items, deferred tax assets and liabilities, uncertain ax positions, timing of reversals, or expiration of net operating losses in various jurisdictions. * The SEC may also ask questions relating to contractual obligations * The SEC may also ask for clarification related to management’s material estimates and/or judgments. It is important that changes in estimates be well documented. * Disclose the amount of pretax income that the company needs to generate to realize the deferred tax assets. The SEC staff may ask to include an explanation of the anticipated future trends included in the company’s projections of future taxable income. Confirmation to them that t he anticipated future trends included in the company’s assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets are the same anticipated future trends used in estimating the fair value of your reporting units for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment and any other assessment of your tangible and intangible assets for impairment. Disclose that the deferred tax liabilities that the company is relying on in its assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and are of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets. * Indicate the nature of the uncertainty and the nature of each event that could occur in the next twelve months that would cause the change for each significant tax position.Conclusion It has been evident from the above analysis that Lucent has been facing poor performance and as many of its assets have very long lives but it’s still not indicative of f uture viability of these assets. Until an appropriate level of profitability is reached, Lucent should not expect to recognize any significant tax benefits in future results of its operations.The company must use judgment in considering the relative impact of negative and positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exist (a) the more positive evidence is necessary and (b) the more difficult is to support a conclusion that a valuation is not needed for some portion or the entire deferred tax asset.

BUSINESS RESEARCH TEAM RESEARCH Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS RESEARCH TEAM RESEARCH - Assignment Example This has been attributed to the entrance of manufacturers such as Micromax Mobile, Lenovo, Huawei, and Xiaomi, which have brought in low-priced products with high performance and high-end specifications (Trefis, 2014). Consequently, these competitors have been finding indulgence and favor among aspirational, budget-mindful consumers who feel that their tastes, preferences and needs are sufficiently met by the companies. Emerging markets are proving to be troublesome to Samsung due to its inability to compete effectively with the new entrants that bring in innovation, more customer-tailored products and services, and low prices that consumers find attractive. Emerging markets that were once lucrative to Samsung have now turned into a liability (Trefis, 2014). What is hurting Samsung most is the sheer fact that consumers have decided to expand their horizon and seek other brands that the market provides. Apparently, due to competition, Samsung is losing its loyal customer and might soo n be operating at a loss unless the management takes an immediate corrective action to contain the competition and electronics

Requirements for Admissible Statements Analysis Case Study

Requirements for Admissible Statements Analysis - Case Study Example On arresting, Escobedo was not warned of his Fifth Amendment Right according to which he had the right to remain silent. On reaching the police station, the arrested repeatedly asked to consult his lawyer but was denied. Even when his attorney arrived at the station, he was not allowed to see or speak his client. His lawyer was told by a police officer that he would be allowed to talk to him once they were done with him. Escobedo was told by a police officer that he and his sister would be released if he submitted to DiGerlando's statement. After hearing this, Escobedo did as he was told and on the basis of his statement he was tried in the court and found guilty of murder. His appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court of Illinois, and Escobedo then petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for review of his conviction. In 1982, Oreste Fulminante's 11-year-old stepdaughter was reported missing by him. After two days of the report, her body was found in Arizona. She had been shot twice in the head. After some tine, Fulminante was arrested for an unrelated crime. While his stay at the prison, Fulminante met a fellow inmate, Anthony Sarivola, who was also a secret informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. O hearing about the murder of his step daughter, Sarivola asked Fulminate about what had happened. But Fulminate did nit give any statement. Sarivola then offered Fulminante protection from "tough treatment" or in other words, torture in prison, in exchange for a confession to the murder of Fulminante's stepdaughter. Fulminante agreed to this and confessed that he had murdered his step daughter. Sarivola passed this information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As a result of which, Fulminante was charged with first degree murder of her step daughter, and his confession to Sarivola was used against him at trial (Anonymous, 2009). Fulminante's motion of coerced confession was denied by the trial court and was convicted and sentenced to death. He appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court, where he stated that he was in danger of violence in the prison, had he not confessed murdering his step daughter. The Court held that the confession was indeed coerced and reasoned that a harmless error analysis was inappropriate in the case of forced confessions on the basis of the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments. The court ordered a new trial for Fulminante. Legal Requirements for Admissibility of Statements and their Applicability In order for a statement to be admissible in the court the Fifth, Sixth and the Fourteenth Amendment in the United States Constitution need to be fulfilled. The Fourteenth Amendment suggests Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection. According to the Section 1 of this Amendment "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of

Written and Unwritten Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Written and Unwritten Constitution - Essay Example This distinction between written and unwritten constitutions has led to the establishment of a far more important classification of written and unwritten constitutions. The idea of permanency is closely associated with the concept of constitution so much so that stability is considered to be one of its main attributes. Written constitutions are considered to be more permanent and, therefore, more written, because, generally speaking, they cannot be amended except by a special process or by means of special machinery. Unwritten constitutions, on the other hand, are deemed to be unwritten because they can be amended or altered by the ordinary process of legislation. It should, however, be noted that the distinction between written and unwritten constitutions does not necessarily depend on the distinction between written and unwritten constitutions. A written constitution may be as unwritten as an unwritten constitution. A typical instance is furnished by the Italian Constitution of 184 8 which, according to the generally accepted view, could be amended by the ordinary process of legislation. (Smith, 2001, 80) The distinction between written and unwritten constitutions was pointed out for the first time by Bryce, and has now become a fundamental concept of constitutional law and practice.

Comparative and Contrast Essay Christianity and Islam

Comparative and Contrast Christianity and Islam - Essay Example   Jesus is the â€Å"Christ† which means the â€Å"anointed one†.   Jesus is the anointed one from God the Father who came to this world, fulfilled the Old Testament laws and prophecies, died on the cross, and rose from the dead physically (Slick, n.d.). The religion teaches that there is an existence of only one God. According to Christianity, God made the universe, the Earth and created Adam and Eve. Therefore, the best way to answer what Christianity is about is to say that it is a relationship with the true and living God through the person of Jesus Christ by whom we are forgiven of our sins and escape the righteous judgment of God (Slick, n.d.). Islam is regarded as one of the three central Abrahamic faiths along with Judaism and Christianity (Duncan, n.d.). Islam is derived from the word salaam which means â€Å"peace†, â€Å"submission to God†, and â€Å"way to peace†. The followers of Islam are the â€Å"Muslims† or those who â₠¬Å"submit† to God’s will. Duncan (n.d.) described Islam as a universal religion that teaches that God is merciful and compassionate, and that promises the faithful worldly peace and equality and entrance to a sublime eternity. It is a monotheistic religion which believes only in the existence of one God. Comparing and Contrasting Islam and Christianity These are some of the main similarities between Christianity and Islam. Peter Jackson (n.d.) stated that both religions say that there is only One God. This God is the most sovereign and he rules the history. The two religions also believe in Jesus. However, there are quite differences in how they believe him. Another similarity is the existence of Angels. Both religions believe in the existence of angels which are the referred to as the messengers of God. Both religions have Prophets and prophecy which includes many of the same characters such as Abraham, David, Noah and the like (Jackson, n.d.). The two religions also b elieve the concept of Heaven and Hell and God’s future judgment (Jackson, n.d.). Heaven is often portrayed as the holiest place in which people who have died continue to exist in an afterlife. Hell, on the other hand, is a place of suffering and punishment afterlife. God’s judgment will determine whether a person will be sent to heaven or hell after death. Although these two religions are similar in many ways, we can’t deny that they differ in a lot of ideologies and theologies. In both religions God is the creator of everything and he is loving and forgiving (McLean, 2007). One major difference between the beliefs of Christians and Muslims regarding God is that while Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, or three persons in one divine nature, Muslims believe that God is only one person and that the Trinity is the belief in three Gods (McLean, 2007). The two religions differ in their founder. Muhammad is the founder of Islam and believed by Muslims to be perfe ct and sinless. In Christianity, the founder is Jesus. For Muslims, Muhammad was not only a religious leader, but also a political leader, which explains the common practice of integrated church and state in many Muslim countries (McLean, 2007). Both religions recognize Jesus but their beliefs about him vary. Islam and Christianity believe that Jesus was sinless, perfect and born of the Virgin Mary (McLean, 2007). The two religions accept that Jesus performed miracles and was ascended, or raised up, to God. McLean (2007) stated that Muslims see Jesus as a highly regarded prophet, while Christians see Him as God himself.

Separation of power in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Separation of power in the UK - Essay Example The principle of separation of powers had leveraged many constitution makers, philosophers like Montesquieu whom all had intense thinking to this maxim. Even though the United Kingdom constitution is unwritten, it is a golden doctrine of separation of powers for other countries to follow. Back in 1748, Montesquieu- a French jurist- put forward his hypothesis that â€Å"there can be no freedom† and thought, â€Å"Everything would terminate if the judicial, legislative and executive powers of the government were to be involved by the same individual or authority. In the United Kingdom, the law is separated into three powers; judicial, executive and legislative. The judiciary plays an important role in United Kingdom politics. The judiciary comprises of, the royal court, Supreme Court, crown court and the magistrate courts. It should be apolitical, and any rulings made, for instance on government legislation, must be in a free and fair manner without any element of political bias (Lovell, 2003; p 54). Nevertheless, different aspects about Judiciary raise a string of questions lately: judicial supremacy, judicial independence and judicial neutrality. The courts of England are Crown Court’s jurisdiction is strong because of the power of the Crown. The executive oversees the function of the Crown with relevance to Royal prerogative. The executive has no right to delay the process of common justice. It is a law that goes back down the memory lane over a century ago. Moreover, the executive has no mandate to pressure judges. Especially into acting in ways other than impartiality. In the Act of settlement in 1701, judges in higher courts had the privilege of remaining judges as long as they had shown â€Å"good behavior†. If they were guilty of bad behavior then a legal approach to have them fired was an option. For the large number of judges, there is no such thing. Thus, it guarantees them a security of tenure within their

Geothermal Energy and its Potential Applications in the United States Essay

Geothermal Energy and its Potential Applications in the United States - Essay Example Geothermal energy is classified amongst the group of renewable energy sources: these forms of power utilize energy flows from natural processes like the suns radiation, wind, running water and in this case, magma heated water(" Renewable Energy", Wikipedia). Renewable sources replace the drawn energy through natural processes. In this sense, geo power is not strictly renewable as it is possible to exhaust a particular source by drawing it out faster than it can be replenished. It is most definitely sustainable by re-injecting the spent fluid back into the earth to be reheated. Since it is derived from the earths own heat it can be utilized almost any where in the world, though currently it has only been done so predominantly in the West. It is also one of the cleaner forms of energy, with lower green house emissions than fossil fuels, puts less stress on the environment as it its power plants are small and it does not require dam construction or forest depletion (Geothermal Energy Facts,Geothermal Education Office). The most common application of geothermal power is electricity generation. In fact the United States alone uses 2,800MWe of electrical capacity and this is only a fraction of its capacity.(Fridleifson,n.d, www.crest.org). Idaho National Laboratories list three types of power plants for electricity generation and all three are hydrothermal in source, i.e from hot water reservoirs. (The first type is known as dry steam plants. Steam from underground reservoirs is pumped up into turbines and used to drive a generator. Flash steam plants utilize reservoirs with extremely high temperatures greater than 182 C. Here, water is driven to the surface under its own pressure. When it reaches the surface the pressure drop forces it to become steam and this is then used to drive a turbine. The third type, binary flows, make use of geothermal reservoirs with lower or milder heat conditions. Hot water, at temperatures lower than boiling (100 C), is pumped through a set of pipes known as heat exchan gers and is used to heat an organic volatile fluid in the other pies. The fluid then evaporates into steam which is used to power a generator. In all three types the condensed steam or water is re-injected into the fractures from wherein they were drawn thus replenishing the heat source. From the vastly different temperature ranges observed in the three methods listed, it is evident that even mild temperatures can be used to generate electricity. Considering the United States vast consumption of oil - more than 20.8 billion barrels per day, and its growth, the scope for more geothermal power plants is enormous. Currently, only 0.5% of the U.S. power is supplied by geothermal power.(U.S. Energy Policy,www.solcomhouse.com). Costs are also quite competitive, being only $0.05 -$0.08 per KWh (www.crest.org). Direct utilization of geothermal power for heating buildings and water is another option. This makes use of shallow ground water sources with lower temperatures (20-150C) and thus may be limited to those areas which have access to them. However it is an extremely cost effective method to heat greenhouses and homes, and can be used in small scale industry like fishfarming. Direct use systems make use of heat exchangers wherein the source water is pumped through one set of pipes and the heat

Africa in the Global System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Africa in the Global System - Essay Example The legislature on the other hand is mandated to by the various constitutions governing the different states to dismiss the president by means of an impeachment. However such presidential dismissals are not commonplace as this is highly likely to contravene the canon of the presidency. A prominent feature of this governance is the cabinet heads who are referred to as ministers or secretaries depending on the country, serve at the mercy of the president and propagate the wishes of the president and the ruling party. The legislature has powers to approve their appointment once they have been selected by the president. In some cases, the cabinet heads are not members of the legislature in a presidential system. This system of governance appears to be popular in many African states and democracies. To understand the reason why this form of governance has become common in Africa and world over, this paper examines the main benefits and advantages of this form of governance. The presidential system of governance is commonly used in African states and elsewhere in the world and its application and acceptability in many nations could be due to factors that are closely linked to its advantages or ease of application. It should be noted that the most important aspect of a government that will make it acceptable to the people is the legitimacy of the same government. The presidential system has several advantages and ease of legitimacy due to the following factors that are discussed below. These factors make it one of the most popular systems of governance that is applicable in the world today. The discussion on legitimacy can be one of the reasons why presidential systems have been generally the most common form of governance in the African continent. In (Alagappa 1995), the debate of legitimacy of a government is advanced. It argues that in order for a government to achieve legitimacy, it must be based on shared norms and values of a

Amazon.coms E-Business Model Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazon.coms E-Business Model - Term Paper Example However they soon diversified their portfolio and ventured into selling DVDS, CDs, and MP3 downloads software’s, games, electronics, food, toys, furniture and apparel. They started spreading out from United States and established bases in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan and China. Amazon’s growth and diversification of business into different genres helped it boost its sales. It made inroads into different products and excelled at it, simply by virtue of its branding. The growth and diversification strategy pursued by Amazon created more customers for Amazon and with that its revenues also shot up. On the cons end, Amazon’s growth created more expenses by expanding so rapidly in different genres. Its distribution costs also rose up in the process. I feel that Amazon could have taken a gradual evolution into expansion, starting from U.S then following up in other North American and South American countries before disembarking to Asian and European countries. This would have ensured a slowly and steady growth and expansion across the borders and kept the expenses in check. 2. Determine the impact if Amazon.com had split up and become a family of brands (for example, â€Å"Amazon† for books, â€Å"Super toys† for toys, etc.), each with a different public face but all run by the same parent company. Splitting up into a family of brands would not have worked for Amazon. This is because, Amazon the brand attracted people and it was this branding loyalty which later translated into sales and revenues for them. Splitting up into a family of brands would have also risen up its costs, something that Amazon would not want to risk given the fact that its competitive edge is built on its low costs. Under its cost leadership strategy Amazon has stood out by offering rock-bottom prices. It provides good quality products at low prices. Its prices can’t be matched by its competitors. This makes it an obvious choice

Agrippina the Younger - Rome a symbol of strength Essay Example for Free

Agrippina the Younger Rome a symbol of strength Essay Rome a symbol of strength, empowerment and prosperity for many, leaving no doubt in modern historians thoughts that this utopia was one of the most prominent of the ancient era’s. One dynasty within this epoch stands out, as being one of the most provocative and influential was the Julio-Claudian dynasty. This period was introduced with the instigation of the emperor Julio Augustus, known as one of the most appreciated emperors in Roman history. After Augustus came the rulers Tiberius, Gaius Germanicus (Caligula), Claudius and Nero. With every new ruler the amount of power and wealth in the city swelled, some even say that it was the golden age of Roman literature and arts. Each of these power broker’s have one person in common, apart from imperial extravagance and notoriety, they all have felt the sting of Julia Agrippina’s manipulative powers (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013). When studying Agrippina it is found that many of the sources do not retain a sympathetic view of the During the Julio-Claudian era Agrippina the younger only retained her power through the manipulation of her son, husband and peers. By doing this she made herself on the most powerful women in Rome. Growing up with the most loved general in Rome at that time, Agrippina was destined for greatness. In her teenage years the regrettable incident of her fathers passing occurred and the empire was left to Tiberius, during this time she was betrothed to Domitius Ahenobarbus, which she eventually bore a child with called Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. Most sources state that she was forced into this marriage by the emperor Tiberius, a fact that is acknowledged by modern historian Donna Hurley when she states that Agrippina’s union with Cn.  Domitius Ahenobarbus was arranged by Tiberius. After this Hurley then goes on to state that it was practice for families of prominence in the ruling house to have the emperor arrange their marriages, which would explain why Agrippina was married at the tender age of thirteen. This period was probably one of the most controversial in Agrippina’s time as it instigated her impression that those in power were the ones with the most influence. Ask any of the historians of the Julio Claudian era how Julia Agrippina was able to come to such inordinate power, each will give you a different answer, but they all start with Agrippina’s relationship with her brother. By honoring his sisters Gaius Germanicus Caligula was reprimanded and made an easy target. These honors gave the three sisters unparalleled status, they included; making them honorary vestal virgins, inclusion in the annual vows for the allegiance to the emperor and the emperors safety, inclusion of in the preamble to proposals submitted to the senate, being depicted on coins and many other. An account, now considered unlikely to be true, is mentioned by Suetonius [in 1914: XXIV], â€Å"He (Caligula) lived in habitual incest with his sisters†¦ he is believed to have violated Drusilla when he was a minor†. The more realistic option is explored by Barrett, which states â€Å" Caligula would have looked for affection from his three sisters†¦ it was doubtless this affection that led to stories of incest with all three sisters†. This appeared as an opportunity for Agrippina to manipulate her way to becoming an influential power broker in that era. Agrippina’s sister Drusilla was Caligula’s favourite, and when he fell ill he immediately made her his heir, however this instigation was evaded as she died unexpectedly in AD 38, therefore Caligula reaped with grief deified his beloved sister making her the only woman to be deified in the Julio Claudian era. The controversy commenced when Agrippina’s husband, Domitius, died and the two remaining sisters conspired against Caligula, whom at the time was growing quite timeworn. This conspiracy was set about so the family could withhold its power and influence in the republic. Again, as before with Caligula the sisters were thought to have been involved in sexual relations with their brother-in-law, Marcus Lepidus, who according to Peter Roberts (2013, 165) was made heir in place of Drusilla. Putting his faith in the wrong man, Caligula eventually discovered a plot created by his much loved siblings and his beloved heir to get rid of him so as to make Lepidus the new emperor, whilst repaying the loyalty of Agrippina and her sister by allowing them to keep their status as when Caligula reigned. Due to the emperor’s sensitivity to conspiracies, the emperor eventually took heed of their plan and sentenced Lepidus to be put to death whilst sending Agrippina and her sister into exile to the Pontian Islands. The idea that Agrippina was grasping for power even then is backed up by the modern historian, Leadbetter, in his novel ‘The Ambition of Agrippina the Younger’ when he writes â€Å"Agrippina and Lepidus had formed a conspiracy to replace Caligula†¦ Thus Agrippina’s first attempt at seizing power long predated her marriage to Claudius†. Caligula’s growing greed was becoming a worry to the senate, and although they disapproved of him they offered him compassion so as to gain his trust. Eventually the Praetorian Guard was sent to dispose of him (Roberts. P, 2008). Claudius, Agrippina’s uncle, is mostly known for his eventual insanity, however many do not remember his extreme kindness to those whose faith had been entrusted unto him. When he assumed power his first course of action was to reinstate his two nieces back into the Roman community. His wife, named Messalina, assumed the same practice as Agrippina, and protected her own interests by divorcing her sick and time spent husband and joined C. Silius, next years appointed consul, in marriage. This, like Agrippina was executed to ensure her financial and social safety. This resembles the aforementioned conspiracy between the two sisters and Lepidus. Agrippina identifying this approach shamelessly begins to flirt with her uncle and plants the thought of Messalina’s betrayal in his mind. It was not long after this that the Praetorian Guard was sent to dispose of her. Due to Agrippina’s obvious flattery towards the withered emperor did not go unnoticed and Claudius who was expected to wed again soon chose his niece as he new bride. This created some uncomfortable tension in the senate, which arranged all imperial marriages, since it was forbidden to marry your niece. This however was overlooked since Agrippina’s father even then was still seen as an inspiration in the empire and would give the emperor favor of the people. The marriage also prevented Agrippina from marry another rival for the throne, thus eliminating any competition. After the two relatives were engaged a decree was passed to allow the matrimony between uncle and niece, a fact which is enforced by Cassius Dio in his book Roman History when he states â€Å"they [the senators] also passed a decree permitting Romans to wed their nieces, a union previously prohibited†. Like Messalina, Claudius showed the utmost fascination towards his new wife and granted her many extravagances, some which were only reserved for Goddesses. The most interesting is the five- layered sardonyx which depicts Claudius, Agrippina and her parents. This would have displayed to the public that the marriage of the emperor and his niece has kept a pure blood line and therefore is the better option for emperor, it also confirms the positive relationship between the much loved warrior and the emperor. Another interesting privilege for Agrippina is the ‘Sebasteion of Aphrodisias’ where a statue of her has been put in place. This was a temple created for the Gods and was put emplace for Augusts (Antiquity 2, 2008). This would create the image that Agrippina should be likened to the Gods and should be just as prominent in time as Augustus. Agrippina had such power of Claudius that she manipulated him to take in her son Domitius Ahenobarbus and make him heir to the throne. Claudius also changed his name to the better-known Nero Claudius Caesar. Agrippina was able to create prominence for Nero through the much used tactic patronage, which included the use of contacts and influence to achieve an objective. In Agrippina’s case her son to become emperor (Antiquity 2, 2008). These contacts, or clients, would assist the patrons by supporting and furthering the cause of the patron. Agrippina’s clients were Seneca, one who she had recalled from exile, and Burrus who she had made sole prefect, an ordeal which is seen in ‘The Annals of imperial Rome’ written by Tacitus which states These two men were expected to do whatever Agrippina wanted, and were expected to aid in hers and her sons rise to power. There is much dispute over whether Agrippina was responsible for the death of Claudius, the more likely idea is that she did kill him as it is stated by both Tacitus and Dio Cassius. When this ordeal was over, Nero was claimed the new emperor and to Agrippina’s delight was sculptured again in the ‘Sebasteion of Aphrodisias’ with Nero by her side. During Nero’s reign Agrippina was offered even more advantages then when Claudius reigned. She become priestess of Claudius’ cult and was offered two lictors, who were men which carried around the official emblems of the public office and would clear a path for her wherever she went (Antiquity 2, 2008). However this did not match the effervescent amount of coins that were minted with the mother and son to display the family’s power. In AD 69 the saddened occurrence of Agrippina’s demise surfaced. It was apparent, although not to the wider area of Rome, that Nero was responsible for her death. It seems that Nero had grown tired of his mothers controlling ways and decided that the only way he would be rid of it was to kill her. Agrippina was an independent strong held woman in a time where females were down trodden. She was not afraid to test the system and remained one of the most prominent women in the time of imperial Rome.

Assessing Socio Cultural Aspects Of Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay

Assessing Socio Cultural Aspects Of Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay Thailand has a big variety of cultures, traditions and natural resources, which makes it very attractive tourist destinations. The culture of Thailand incorporates a great deal of influence from China, Cambodia and India. Thailands national religion Theravada Buddhism is central to modern Thai characteristics and faith. More than a few different ethnic groups from Malaysia, Burma etc populate Thailand and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai and global cultural influences. In addition, tourism development creates socio-cultural impacts in Thailand both positive and negative. The term socio-cultural impacts refer to associated changes to residents daily life, their values, way of life, artistic and intellectual products, architecture of people and customs. The social and cultural ramifications of tourism necessitate careful consideration because impacts can either become assets or detriments to the Thailand community. The use of culture as a tourist attraction increases support for the traditional Thailand cultures and displays of ethnic identity. It increases also the revitalization of traditional language, arts and festivals. The use of culture to attract tourists increases also conservation of the cultural heritage of Thailand which could otherwise be lost. In addition, it helps the development and maintenance of the theatres, museums and any other cultural facilities. When residents observe tourists appreciating their culture, then a sense of renews and reinforces coming up to them. The direct contact between residents and tourists can lead on a breakdown of negative stereotypes and increase social opportunities. Moreover, gives an opportunity for cross- cultural exchange between the residents and the tourists who learn about one anothers culture. This direct contact with foreign people offers to residents the opportunity to meet people, learn about the world and expose themselves to new perspectives. This experience of different cultures broadens horizons and increases the appreciation of different ways of living. Tourism creates changes in economic structure and jobs resulting in changes in social rules. It generates new social and economic opportunities to locals resulting in decrease of social inequity. Furthermore, improves the living standards of residents. It gives to the community money for improvement facilities and services. The development of tourist facilities like hotels, restaurants etc increased recreational opportunities. Generally, tourism improves the quality of life in an area by increasing the number of attractions, services and recreation opportunities. Despite its positive effects Tourism has and negative consequences for the socio-cultural life of Thailand. Tourism generally can cause change or totally loss of local identity and values of the host country. This can be made by: a) Commodification. The increased number of tourists who visit Thailand can turn their cultures into commodities when traditional ethnic rites, religious rituals and festivals are reduced and sanitized in order to meet tourists expectations. Once Thailand is sold as a tourist destination, a tourism product, the supply of arts, souvenirs, entertainment to tourists is a necessity, and vital changes in residents values may occur. Finally, people will not more respect the sacred sites and objects as they are perceive them as goods to trade. b)Standardization. Thailand may risk standardization while trying to satisfy tourists demand for familiarity, concerning the facilities of the destination. Landscape, hotels and all the accommodation facilities, food and drinks, must meet the tourists need for the new. At the same time they must not be too new because most tourists are looking for more familiar things. They actually are looking for recognizable facilities in the new environment. Even in Thailand people looking hotel chains to be accommodated and famous restaurants for their food. c) Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity. By adapting cultural expressions to the tastes of tourists or even performing shows as if they were real life constitutes staged authenticity. The fact that tourists desire a glimpse of Thailands atmosphere, taste and a glance of their life, without knowledge, staging must be expected. d) Adaptation to tourist demands. Tourists that visit Thailand they want to buy souvenirs, arts and any cultural manifestations but in the most cases craftsmen are changing the design of them in order to bring them more in line with the customers tastes. Moreover, the interest shown by tourists, contributes to the self-worth of the artists and helps conserve a cultural tradition. Cultural erosion may occur because of the commodification of cultural goods. Culture clashes can take place in Thailand because of the diversity of tourists with different cultures, religion, languages, values and levels of propensity. That can leads on an overexploitation of the social carrying capacity and cultural carrying capacity that are the limits of acceptable change in the culture and social life of the host community. The attitude of Thailand residents towards tourism development may unfold through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism, instead of welcome, when anti-tourist attitudes begin growing among local people. Cultural clashes may further arise through: Economic inequality. Many tourists that visit Thailand come from societies with different lifestyle than the local people. Being on holidays they seeking pleasure, they spend a lot of money and they treat in a ways that even they would not accept at home. The local people as they also need pleasure in their life they may develop a sort of copying of this behaviour. Irritation due to tourist behaviour. Sometimes people visiting Thailand failed to respect their customs and their moral values, out of ignorance or careless and local people feel irritated with this attitude. Job level friction. A huge number of hotel chains and restaurants in Thailand employee foreign people, with more professional skills and training than locals have, in the higher level jobs. This cause friction and locals usually feel irritated and the gap between the cultures increases. Ethical issues Crime generation- The growth of tourism in Thailand increases the crime rates, like in any other county with a mass tourism. Tourists usually carry on them cameras, jewellery and a big amount of money that make them attractive to the thieves. Thailand has the highest death rate of any nation for Britons on holiday, some 224 Britons died in Thailand between April 2005 and March 2006. Child labour- Young children are employed in jobs in the tourism sector with low pay. The most jobs in this sector have working conditions like long hours, unstable employment, little training and poor chances for qualification. Prostitution and sex tourism. Generally, the sexual exploitation of children is a worldwide phenomenon but in Asia is more prevalent than elsewhere. The exact number of child-prostitutes in Thailand is not known, but Thailands Research Institute reports that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand. It is a major destination for tourists from the Western World who travel to this country to have sex with prostitutes. The huge economic disparities between Thai locals and the Western tourists contribute to the proliferation of sex tourism to Thailand. Children are exploited in sex establishments and are also approached directly in the street by tourists seeking sexual contact. Thailand is also a top destination for victims of human trafficking and a major source of trafficked persons.

Managerial delegation within nursing practice

Managerial delegation within nursing practice PREPARATION FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE Part 1 The following assignment will discuss the importance of managerial delegation in practice. The learning outcomes I shall cover in this essay are to critically analyse the concepts of professional and inter-professional collaboration. I shall also demonstrate accountability and responsibility in managing the delivery of care. I shall also critically reflect upon my own strengths and weaknesses in relation to leadership qualities, management skills, communication skills and evidence based practice. All those aspects will be examined on the basis of a scenario. The scenario concerns a patient called Betty, who was due in for admission by police escort and I asked a qualified member of staff to undertake the admission. However it became apparent that the patient was drunk upon arrival for admission. I felt inexperienced to deal with this and I recognised the need to resort to policy, legal, ethical and safety issues surrounding my delegation and decision-making before the admission could proceed. I discovered that there was no policy in respect of admittance of a drunken patient. For that reason I recognised the need to seek guidance from more experienced team members as patient safety was a concern. The good part of this experience was that I felt supported by more experienced staff members. After discussions, I felt that the admission was manageable and would not cause any safety issues in respect of patient care. I changed my decision and asked the qualified staff member to orientate the patient to the ward. Rather than asking the nursing assistant who I felt did not have the theoretical knowledge of substance misuse or appropriate skills to deal competently with the situation on this occasion. I could have refused the admission due to lack of policy guidance and if the situation arose again, I would judge the situation on its risk to patient safety and care. This scenario shows that during the course of a workday, a nurse makes decisions of many kinds, these are not trivial decisions; they involve a patient’s well-being, so it is important that as a nurse my decisions are good ones. I believe my PDP has helped me identify weaknesses as learning needs, enabling me to address these areas during practice, gaining more skills and benefiting my nursing career, patients and prospective employers. Some nurses criticise PDP’s for negatively highlighting areas of poor performance (Wilson et al 2009), others believe they positively acknowledge the nurses strengths and constructively recognise areas of improveme nt (Evans 2003). Policy changes and changes in nursing practice (The NHS Plan 2000, National Service Framework for Older People 1999, Making A Difference 1999, NMC 2002) means the nurses role has changed. The nurse needs to delegate tasks to enable all the daily tasks to be completed. Actually the above scenario contains aspects of leadership, management and delegation. It would therefore be important to examine those aspects and look at the differences between them. In a transformational style, one identifies a problem, and works collaboratively with other staff to find a solution. There is an element of unpredictability as well, which empowers the nurse for the future (Faugier et al 2002). Leadership goes also with authority, influence and power (Jooste, 2004). Influence plays a more important role as a leader should be able to motivate, negotiate, and persuade instead of simply wielding power. This influence is to model by example, to build caring relationships, and mentor by instruction (Jooste, 2004). Leadership goes also along with management, but confusion prevails about these two notions (Marquis et al 2009). The differences lie in the roles of the leader and a manager as made clear by (Hughes et al 2006) in the following distinctions: â€Å"managers administer, leaders innovate; managers maintain, leaders develop; managers control, leaders inspire; managers have a short-term view, leaders have a long-term view; managers ask how and when , leaders ask what and why; managers initiate, leaders originate; managers accept the status quo, leaders challenge it.† Managerial delegation is one aspect nurses have to very careful about. As a matter of fact, delegation is the turning over of both authority and responsibility for doing work duties to a subordinate, but additionally explaining the ‘what’ and ‘why’ of a selected job, whilst leaving the ‘how’ up to the subordinates (Coburn et al 2006). It is â€Å"is the process by which you (the delegator) allocate clinical or non-clinical treatment or care to a competent person (the delegate). You will remain responsible for the overall management of the service user, and accountable for your decision to delegate. You will not be accountable for the decisions and actions of the delegate† (Wales (NLIAH), 2010). This brings about a new level of professional decision-making and the nurse as a person with managerial skills and deleg ation (Thomas et al 2009). As part of my management placement I would learn of my managerial and delegation duties for the day during handover when I would identify what tasks needed doing. Following this I would check the ward diary and the doctor’s book to see what tasks I needed to delegate to ensure that all the patients were cared for safely. Evidence suggests, many student nurses and newly qualified nurses feel unskilled at delegation due to limited educational training and inexperience in the work place (Johnson et al 2006). On placement I felt ill prepared to delegate to staff members for these reasons, however I recognised that the best way to develop this skill would be through experiential learning. Delegation is a skill, which (Johnson et al 2006) argues is better acquired through experiential learning than lectures. (Kolb 1984) describes the experiential learning cycle as experience, reflection, generalising and planning. (Simon et al 2009) and (Parsons 2009) argue that delegation should not be purely experiential as research suggests educational sessions have resulted in knowledge and confidence for decision-making (Conger 1993). Making a Difference (DOH 1999) supports both views, as do I. I found it hard to determine what can and should be delegated in case I compromised patient care. I over came this by using a theoretical framework alongside experiential learning. I critically analysed two frameworks. The first being the Four Rights of Delegation: Right task, Right person, Right communication and Right feedback (Hansten et al 2004). The second model was (Conger’s 1993); it is called delegation Decision-making Model, which addresses three areas, task analysis, problem identification and selecting the right team member for the job. However I rejected Conger’s model, as I perceived it as being flawed for the fact that it does not include feedback. Each time a task was delegated the staff member was asked to give feedback, so when they had completed their task, a written record documenting what had occurred, this way I could be sure that the patient had received the care needed. This written record can be confirmation that the task delegated has been started and finish to the instruction which I had delegated to the delegate. Any difficulties during the task which the delegate acknowledges can be further examined and future recommendations can be put in place for future practice (Warner 2008). To delegate successfully the student nurse needs to develop an understanding of team members’ job descriptions, job expectations and skills training; otherwise patient care could suffer (Thomas et al 2009). Nurses must be very careful when delegating someone, and they have to keep in mind that there are accountable. Perhaps the best way to understand this issue would be to quote from the (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008) on what it says about the delegator’s accountability: â€Å"If the nurse or midwife is delegating care to another professional, health care support staff, carer or relative, they must delegate effectively and are accountable for the appropriateness of the delegation. The Code requires that nurses and midwives must: establish that anyone they delegate to be able to carry out their instructions; confirm that the outcome of any delega ted task meets required standards and make sure that everyone they are responsible for is supervised and supported (Tomey et al 2009). I reflected upon the above experiences via self-reflection, peer and clinical supervision with my mentor. I decided that communicating more effectively to staff members was crucial to my ability to delegate better. I believed that my good communication skills were invaluable to me when learning how to delegate. (Parkman et al 2004) states that â€Å"effective communication is a fundamental asset to successful delegation†. Evidence has shown that good communication skills by the student nurse will enable them to be more successful in delegating resulting in higher levels of job satisfaction as it empowers all team members (Parsons et al 2009). Using (Gibbs Reflective Cycle 1988) to reflect and evaluate my delegation experiences and in turns the quality of care provided for patients has helped me to become more self aware in my actions. (Cook 20 01) states that â€Å"when the student nurse becomes aware of these things, it impacts positively on the quality of care, therapeutic communication and relationship with the patient† (Cook 2000). I have learnt that there are barriers to reflection. (Newell et al 2008) and (Jones et al 2008), criticize the idea of reflection arguing that it is a flawed process due to an inaccurate recall of memory and hindsight bias. (Richardson et al 2002) argues that it theorise actions in hindsight therefore devaluing the skill of responding intuitively to a patient. As such this could affect the quality of care given to the patient. But as with everything new challenges will always occur. One such challenge which can occur on a daily basis is when one of my delegation requests is contested due to a conflict of personalities. These conflicts of personalities can be shown in many ways such as ageism and gender. The older delegatee can sometimes show a condescending demeanour and display a pa tronizing superior attitude and a reticent to taking tasks from a younger newly qualified nurse. It is hard for the newly qualified nurse to point out any mistakes to someone older with many years of experience (Nursing Times 2011). Equally it is difficult when allocating a task to a member of staff who resents being told what to do by the opposite sex. When these barriers occur it is of great value for me to reflect on my practical and theoretical skills learned. With these skills learned, I know I have the confidence to meet any challenges and incidences which I can expect to meet on a daily basis. In general, as a newly qualified nurse giving delegation tasks, the nurse has to display strength in his/her personality (Doyle et al 2006). Any frailty within the newly qualified nurse’s character will soon be exposed by the delegate and advantages can be taken. Such advantages could include taking short cuts in the tasks delegated, or giving the task to someone else without fir stly notifying the delegator. In conclusion I feel I have grown personally, professionally and evidence of this can be seen through the achievement of NMC (2002) outcome competencies, PPS, witness statements, portfolio, profile, reflection, peer and clinical supervision. I feel that I have faced up to this challenging task and whilst learning to some degree through trial and error, I feel have succeeded in gaining delegation skills, because I have combined communication skills, theory and practice, with safe practice as my priority. Part 2 PREPARATION FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE Part Two Drug Management For part two, I will be using a personal development plan (PDP). By using my personal development plan coupled with the smarter framework I will have a greater chance to envisage my personal development plan. The SMARTER framework will be used in order to judge the components of my goals. See: Appendix 1 I shall focus on one part of my PDP, which I feel less confident in and that is my medication administration skills, coupled with my NHS trust’s policy on their Principles of Safe Administration of Medicines. I shall suggest ways in which I can overcome problems I have in this area. My strengths and weaknesses can be seen in appendix 5. See: Appendix 5 Some nurses criticise PDP’s for negatively highlighting areas of poor performance (Wilson 2002), others believe they positively acknowledge the nurses strengths and constructively recognise areas of improvement (Evans 2003). I believe my PDP has helped me identify weaknesses as learning needs, enabling me to address these areas during practice, gaining more skills and benefiting my nursing career, patients and prospective employer. The contents of my PDP include the prioritisation of 5 key areas for improvement, which I feel I need further knowledge and learning about, these areas are: Drug Management, IT, administration, Chairing meetings and infection control. I have set a 3 months goal in order to improve my knowledge and understanding of these areas of deficit. The way for me to achieve my goals could include such ways as Reading professional journals like British Medical Journal, Nursing standard and Nursing times, couching by IPT members, shadowing and learning form the professionals, ward resources and using the hospitals own nursing library. For an outline of my PDP please see: Appendix 2 As well as a PDP it is important that I maintain a reflective Diary, noting important events relevant for further investigation. See: Appendix 3 I have always been apprehensive when the time comes to administer the medication. I had read and heard so many bad incidents in the press and TV when fatalities had occurred due to incorrect medication being administered. Because of these fears, I have always tried to include within my PDP any incidents or information concerning the administration of medications. I am aware that each NHS trust has their own policies on the safe administration of medications. While researching the policies of my local trust, I came upon the following policies which I feel will be beneficial to improving my knowledge on the safe administration of drugs. Registered nurses in exercising their professional accountability in the safe administration of drugs must comply with the 10 R’s as listed in the trusts drugs Policy (East London NHS) See: Appendix 4 A prescribed medicine is the most frequently provided treatment for patients in the NHS and although standards for medicines prescribing, dispensing and administration are high in this country, mistakes do occur (DoH, 2004). There has been growing awareness of the causes of medicines incidents. The publication of ‘An Organisation with a Memory’ (DoH, 2000) demonstrated the government’s commitment to improving the safety of patient care with the clear aim to reduce the number of incidents of serious medicines incidents by 40 %, (Courtenay et al 2009). As a result of these facts and the government initiatives it is essential that the Trust has a supportive and clear process to improve the practice of the administration of medicines. In their review of Medicines Management, the Healthcare Commissions (State of Healthcare 2007) reported that trusts need appropriate controls to ensure that medicines-related risks are minimised (Healthcare Commission 2007). The report f rom the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), ‘Safety in doses: medicines safety incidents in the NHS’ (NPSA, 2007) outlining seven key actions for trusts to implement to improve patient safety and improve staff skills and competencies. The Nurse and Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards for Medicine Management (NMC, 2007) encourage the immediate reporting of incidents. In order for registered nurses to keep their registration the NMC has compiled a test called (Prep) post registration education and practice. In order for nurses to achieve success in this test they must show that they have completed 35 hours of learning in relationship to the area of practice for every 3 years. The newly registered nurse must keep a (PPP) personal professional profile which will record their ongoing learning achievements (NMC) 2. The purpose of a (PPP) is so that the nurse can have a record of their achievements and it can be a source of reference. TheNursingandMidwiferyCouncil,thenursinggoverningbody,expectsall Nursesto:acknowledgeanylimitsofpersonalknowledge, skills and take steps to remedy any relevant deficits to meet the needs of patients (NMC scope of Professional Practice). AspartoftheNMCrequirementsforregistration,allnursesarerequiredtokeepa Professionalportfolio.Thisrecordslearningandskillacquisitionandintegrationof thisprofessionaldevelopmentintopractice.InspectionofthisportfoliodocumentcanberequestedbytheNMCatanytime,asthisprovidesevidenceofmeetingprofessionalstandards. Having set my learning need as drug management, within 6 months I shall do all I can to achieve proficiency in the administration of drugs. I am fully aware of the complexities of drug administration such as, the 10 R’s which I mentioned above, new medications coming on stream, old drugs being disused or superseded and contraindicated where certain combinations of medication is not advisable, the list can go on and on. As a nurse managing drugs I know there is no room for guessing when drugs are concerned, I know the only way is the right way when lives are at risk. 1

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

The Grapes of Wrath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a story that takes place during America’s dreadful period of depression. Due to misunderstanding the nature of the entire situation, Steinbeck writes this novel to shine some light on the people about the great migration westward. This novel portrays the life of the Joad family who go through the harsh struggles of poverty and migration. They are forced to leave their drought stricken land in Oklahoma, hoping to find work in California, which to them is the land of opportunity, but soon they find out the horrors behind the picturesque mask. In their quest to reach the promise land, the women play a very special role in which they are distinct and contribute something to the Joad family and to the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most authoritative figure is Ma Joad. She is a very strong southern woman whom the whole family looks upon for support. Ma is a lady who is both strong mentally and physically. Her understanding is acknowledged by the rest of the family to be supreme. Of her emotional strength Tom says. “Her hazel eyes seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family, the strong place that could not be taken.'; (95)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family felt what Ma felt and let her emotions be in control. “And since, when a joyful thing happened, they looked to see whether joy was on her.'; (95) Because of this she kept strong. She always wants happiness for everyone in the family, that’s why she stays strong. Ma knew that if she were to weak the whole family would fall apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She realizes that they have no home and that the only value and meaning in life is that which they derive from being a family. She keeps the two cars together so they will not be separated and she forces decisions to be made for the benefit of the family. She understands the inner need of each individual member. Ma is to the family as pillars are to a building; if the pillar is weak, the building will soon collapse when anything afflicts it. Even until the end the whole family eventually does fall apart, she still stays strong. It is not because of her weakness that the family falls apart, it is because she allows them to live their own lives according to the way they want to and does not restrict them.

Organizational Behavior Essay -- Psychology, Emotional Intelligence

This paper will identify and examine the perspective of cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence which are considered to be important individual diversities in the field of organisational behaviour. The organization selected for this topic is, The Australian Hellenic Educational Progressive Association, commonly known as (AHEPA), the association was founded in Melbourne Australia in 1938; at that time the mission of AHEPA was to promote Hellenism, education, philanthropy, civic responsibility, family and individual Excellence. Originally the association was set up with a small group of Australian/Greek volunteers as a community based establishment to assist Greek immigrants in Australia experiencing language barriers, families with financial difficulties, finding homes, jobs, medical care and help the elderly, as former state secretary of the association I was able to experience the cognitive and emotional intelligence behaviours first hand. The General Structure of the "AHEPA Family" is composed of distinct groups, all of which work in harmony on a local, state and national level under its constitution and by-laws. They are; the Supreme Lodge (National body), Grand Lodges and District Lodge (State bodies). There are several committees within AHEPA who work in harmony to organise fundraising and community activities. The members of these committees work diligently to achieve their various goals for the betterment of the whole community. AHEPA is recognized as a non-profit charitable organization; this essentially means that any profits or surpluses the charity makes must be used to further its charitable purposes. Such profits or surpluses must not be distributed to owners, members or any other individual or group of i... ...n greater in today’s diverse working environments, neglecting emotional intelligence working in a small group can be devastating in the efficiency to the organisation, and these breakdowns can produce confusion, uncertainty hostility and reduce the required performance. The fear of change in any organisation is a major concern as at times management seeks for a quick fix instead of taking a more comprehensive and longer perspective, thus creating emotional uncertainty and mistrust. Given the facts and understandings of cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence are conceptualized, emotional intelligence can be rationally considered as a reasonable measure to which a person can apply rational judgment and reasoning and feelings to situations and responses in the organisation, it shows that emotional intelligence is a stronger predictor to a task performance.

Essay --

â€Å"Heroism is a matter of integrity- becoming more and more at each step ourselves.† (Joseph Campbell) The Hero’s Journey is the basic template for all great stories. It includes the start to an adventure, a mentor, initiation by trials an and challenges, victory, and return. In The Hobbit, a fantasy novel by J.R.R Tolkien, the tale depicts the quest of protagonist Bilbo Baggins, a humble hobbit who plays the role of the burglar as he must help dwarves bring back their home held captive by the dragon Smaug. As he makes the quest to the Lonely Mountain he changes, grows, and develops as the inner â€Å"Took† personality grows within himself. The major transforming events test his abilities late causing Bilbo to evoke and reveal his true heroic nature. Before Bilbo goes on the death defying journey he is introduced as a regular hobbit who is calm, and never having the thought of going on an adventure. Bilbo’s background includes his â€Å"Baggins† personality and his â€Å"Took† personality. The Bagginses side of the family is described as â€Å"very respectable, not only because they never had any adventures† (Tolkien 2). On the outside Bilbo is seen with having a Baggins personality which is as of a regular hobbit. The Tooks were however different than many hobbits and was seen by society as â€Å"not as respectable as the Bagginses, though they were undoubtedly richer†(3). Bilbo’s Took side of family was known for going on adventures and being more different than the normal hobbit. Within himself Bilbo possesses a Took personality and realizes only at the end of his journey. Though Bilbo doesn't know this within himself as he later on changes as an individual he begins to notice t he changes occurring. The call for adventure is where the init... ...uch as they use to before. However Bilbo is not bothered by the fact as he has gained more to not care about any of it. In the end he gained more experiences, friends, and tales to tell in the future about the adventures he has made. â€Å"‘My dear Bilbo!’ he said.‘Something is the matter with you! You are not the same hobbit that you were.’†(302). Bilbo has reached the point of becoming a hero as his journey comes to an end. As Bilbo finally returns to everyday life he lives as a different hobbit than before. The Hero’s Journey exhibits the transformation of the character Bilbo Baggins into a brave and confident hobbit as he face many events that exam the abilities and changes through the quest he makes. The development, growth, and changes that occur in Bilbos characteristics makes him able to handle the many challenges and temptations that he is faced with.

Principal Leadership: Diversity, Development and Distribution Essay

The principal is the de facto leader of the public school. With this role comes no small degree of pressure and responsibility. And as the nature of education changes and evolves, so too does this role and that which is implied by it. In many ways though, there remains a great philosophical divide on how principal leadership is to be pursued. To the perspective of this research endeavor, this divide is based on varying conceptions of how leadership and education might best be integrated for the office. Therefore, the research seeks to appeal to the conceptions of those most directly effected. This proposal is intended to serve in a preliminary capacity for a broader survey study which would engage principals on matters of their experience with modern political realities, with career development and mentoring and with theoretical division on the matter of centralized versus distributed leadership. Findings and recommendations will be directed toward the warranting and fashioning of an effective survey and survey study design. Rationale: This study is designed to explore the various career development aspects of becoming and being a public school principal that contribute to the effective ability to serve in a leadership capacity. The principal has a unique role in both the lives of teachers and students, serving as both a figure of authority and as an advocate in the face of administrative and political demands. This makes the principalship a deeply complex position, imposed upon by the challenges of organizational stewardship, economic constraint and political imposition. The experience of developing into and serving in the position of the principal is of importance to those aspiring to evolve to the role. For individuals viewing the principalship as a career path, firsthand accounting of the obstacles, opportunities, demands and distinctions there associated might be an invaluable source of verification for that which one might expect. This serves as the rationale for the approach taken in this research report, which contends that the administering of surveys to individuals who are serving today in the role of principal should help to effectively yield data which can be of value to individuals desiring to follow in their footsteps. The primary thesis of this research is that a consideration of existing studies both which help to define terms for this investigation and which provide precedent for the use of survey-based data-gathering should help us to establish a clear course for the format and content of a survey for distribution. The study proposed in this investigation would be designed as a primarily qualitative study which focuses on the beliefs, attitudes and perceptions of principals on both their careers and the path of their career development. The method being proposed in this study is qualitative and descriptive research using the combination of a literature review on the topic and a survey of school principals. A descriptive design, according to Gigliotti (2001), is to provide an accurate profile of a variable, group, individual and/or phenomenon. It is a design that involves making careful descriptions of phenomena—particularly educational, which has greatly increased knowledge about what happens in schools. The issues which will be considered in a survey instrument will have been gleaned from the literature review which is to follow. This review indicates that the responsibilities of the principal as a leader in various capacities must be heavily considered, particularly in light of such issues as the heightened demanded for leadership in the face of new and permeating political realities. Issues such as the need to answer to various sectors of the community, the demand to establish a rapport with faculty that induces support and the overarching presence of such all-encompassing frameworks as the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) policy all have the effect of shaping the leadership responsibilities and experiences of the principal. This literature review is justified as a means to clarifying the relationship between these conditions and the perspective of the principal on such issues as career development and leadership distribution and will touch upon the above-noted issues in shaping the focus of its research instrument. Literature Review: Principal Leadership Theory: That schools in the United States in particular have generally experienced a decline in standards, in performance and in personnel commitment is evidenced throughout the field. To many theorists in the last decade, this is indicative of a core problem relating to the orientation and distribution of leadership. This is especially a challenge for the principal, whose leadership responsibilities are inherent but who faces myriad obstacles to the effectiveness of this leadership. Overly centralized ways of designing curriculum, of engaging students and of evaluating performance of teachers and students, some will argue, has had the impact of disassociating school leadership from the environment which it impacts. This is why â€Å"in the view of many analysts, the task of transforming a school is too complex for one person to accomplish alone. Consequently, a new model of leadership is developing. † (Lashway, 2002, p. 6) This new model is something that developing school principals and serving principals alike must prepare for. The leadership of the school administration or principalship is often looked upon as the sole determining factoring the curricular standardization and approach which pervades a learning institution. As Graseck’s (2005) article reveals, the perceived singularity of this leadership is both a product of a fundamental misapprehension of the opportunities for in-school leadership and may be a contributor to a negative educational experience all around. At the heart of Graseck’s model for administrative leadership is the notion that too much vested authority in this position will tend to create what he refers to as a ‘wall,’ which reinforces an improper notion that administration exists above principalship and teaching on a hierarchical scale. A perception which may be shared by both parties, it is likely to cause an improperly aloof administrative approach to leadership which is more dominated by bureaucracy than a true and inquiring interest in the improvement of education. Equally as destructive, such an attitude imperils the security of the teaching faculty, which tends to respond to being undervalued with resentment, occupational antipathy and diminished morale. As we enter into this discussion, it is important to recognize that this is a dilemma which centrally impacts the authority and leadership opportunities for the principal. The presumption that more effectively distributed leadership will ultimately produce positive performance outcomes for a school is underscored by heretofore existent positive evidence as to the impact of effective leadership overall as a determinant of student outcomes. According to Spillane (2003), â€Å"over the past few decades researchers have consistently reported that school leadership, principal leadership in particular, is critical in developing and sustaining those school-level conditions believed essential for instructional improvement. (Spillane, 2003; p. 343) According to Lumby (2003), it may be accurate to state that an evolution in our appreciation for classroom level ingenuity inherently incites the need for a more distributed approach to leadership as pertaining to the relationship between principal and teachers. As his research claims, â€Å"leadership is embedded in the activities of staff and students, including delegated management, and can be understood to be both distributed and systemic. (Lumby, 2003; p. 283) This is to indicate the natural process of educational development will require this type of dynamic contribution where the relationship between the principal and teachers facilitates a sense of leadership determination for the latter which can help to stimulate their invaluable support of the former. Indeed, for educators, the heightened emphasis on the opportunity for contribution at the highest levels can improve motivation and individual ingenuity. To this end, according to a study by Harris (2004), there is cause to infer that the outcome of this leadership approach for the principal will be to improve the quality of a school overall. Accordingly, the author notes that such â€Å"forms of leadership can assist capacity building within schools which contributes to school improvement. † (Harris, 11) For teachers and other staff members who are given the opportunity to offer their skills at the leadership level, the framework will accommodate greater innovation, personal stake and perspective variance. All of these may be argued to promote the advancement of school quality as an experience for both student and educator. This review uses an extensive number of studies available on the subject of principals in education. Some of the research directed the fix of our attention toward the external pressures which denote the need for a principal to develop a clear base of support from within the school. The challenges inherent in the No Child Left Behind legislation, according to the findings of most survey studies considered here, have compromised the ability of principals to lead effectively. The implications of externally shaped standards and performance consequences are undermining to the capacity of the principal and his or her faculty to lead in the shaping of curriculum, philosophy and evaluation. Some of the research available on the subject demonstrates the need to develop a clear strategic approach to leadership in the face of such pressures. To this end, according to Crum & Sherman (2008), the heightened emphasis on standardized testing and other practices related to No Child Left Behind has created a condition wherein the principal is found to be largely at the center of an array of very inflexible demands. The result is that the principal’s performance evaluation is directly connected to the capacity of the school and its students to comport with the standards created by such legislation. Therefore, principals are increasingly finding it necessary to take a hands-on approach to providing leadership in public schools. As Crum & Sherman indicate, â€Å"the burden for school improvement in a time of accountability falls squarely on the shoulders of principals as new requirements demand that they act as instructional leaders. † (Crum & Sherman, 562) This study is of particular value to our discussion both for its association to the inherent case for a more widely distributed approach to leadership and to the establishment of our core methodology. The study in question is largely based on the data-gathering process of surveying those with measurable experience in the areas of principalship discussed. The issues of leadership and the distribution of authority are both recurrent in the self-reports gathered by Crum & Sherman, which focus in useful detail on the aspects of the position which demand the intimate leadership oversight of a highly involved principal. According to the data gathering process which the researchers undertook, â€Å"the principals provided valuable insights into their daily practices that foster an environment which is supportive of high-student achievement. These practices are categorized in the following themes: developing personnel and facilitating leadership, responsible delegation and empowering the team, recognizing ultimate accountability, communicating and rapport, facilitating instruction, and managing change. (Crum & Sherman, 563) Here, the principals who served as key respondents would generally come to an agreement on the crucial importance of using one’s leadership to invoke leadership initiative and the command of responsibilities amongst those who are theoretically subordinate. This means developing, maintaining and feeding a set of healthy relationships betwixt the principal and teachers and faculty. The principal must cultivate an atmosphere where trust and a sense of value allow teachers to e ffectively carry out the message, mission and pressures of the principalship. At the core of a data-gathering process such as this is the finding that the principal cannot act alone. Though accountability will typically be closely associated with the job of the principalship, the support which the principal enjoys from the teaching staff will be tantamount their willingness to support him or her. In turn, this support will translate into an effective staff which maintains the principal’s vision and standards of efficacy. Self-reporting proves here to be an illuminating process, driven by observations made by principals operating under the provisions of No Child Left Behind. Though the No Child Left Behind is not the core focus of this investigation, its mention here denotes another aspect of the survey which makes it valuable to our purposes. A wide array of subjects in survey make voluntary mention of No Child Left Behind. With no connotation, the issue remains a relevant one today for its pervasive impact on the way that schools and students alike are assessed. The use of evaluative testing as a means to enforcing a universal standards for academic competence holds all members of the academic community under a microscope. Whether responding positively or negatively to its implications, a great many respondents to the research surveys which this source review encountered recognized that its provisions are a significant factor in shaping leadership strategy. Ferrandino (2001) wrote about the subject of the principalship over the transition into the 21st century, which saw the inception of our current policy approach. Ferrandino analyzed the job itself and noted that being a principal today is far different than it was even 20 years ago. Principals work longer hours, have responsibility for a much broader community of pupils and staff (that is, pupils and staff from a diversity of cultures), are required to be far more politically savvy, and have to meet a much broader range of demands. Ferrandino’s (2001) research addressed the claim that too many principals are soon due for retirement and there are insufficient numbers of teachers and educators with the training, education, and qualification to replace this aging workforce. (p. 441). The author posed and addressed the question as to why there appears to be shortage of qualified candidates for such positions. In resolution, the article finds that many potential candidates do not want to cope with the inherent pressures of leadership and the requisite long hours of the job. According to the survey research gathered in the Ferrandino essay, the politicization of the academic process has become a deterrent for many serious and qualified candidates. The issues provoked by No Child Left Behind are played out today in the administrative conflicts which shape education as we know it, with the principal at the center of disputes. And quite indeed, as pedagogical approaches clash with each other (constructivism versus traditional teaching, for one example), more in the way of direct leadership is expected of principals than ever before. To some extent, this is causing many to shy away from even applying for the position. Ferrandino (2001) notes that this is not simply a problem of a shortage of candidates, but implies that which is at the crux of research, that there are institutional shortcomings which have disinclined a proper pool of candidates. The complexity of leadership demands in the position are dominant in either disinclined candidates or rendering the position too exclusive. The research by Langer and Boris-Schacter provides a model for consideration as we meditate on the notion of using the survey methodology to produce a data set on the selected subject. In the research of Langer and Boris-Schacter (2003), it is confirmed that Ferrandino’s perspective that the role of the principal is one that leaves many of its beholders feeling frustrated and uncomfortable with the constantly changing demands of the job. Their study showed that most of the principals surveyed experience poor job satisfaction, that the job has a negative affect on their personal lives, that they have less and less leisure time, and that the constant demands on their time are often unreasonable. (Langer & Boris-Schacter, 14) One of the primary concerns noted by the principals surveyed in their study is the intrusiveness of new state and federal legislation. Surveyed subjects expressed the concern that there is a movement towards an emphasis on standardized test scores over quality of education in the classroom.

The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization

The author, Elton mayonnaise was subject to gift his ground-breaking be pee in this take. It is an apt title for it captures what mayo is trying to say from the onset. The hu public problems arising from the industrial age is non brought about by machines and technology precisely surprisingly it experiences from how man treats his fellow man. Technology is a legal document in the industrial age al atomic number 53 it is gay carriage that dictates the success and failures of businesses. mayos shrewdness seems to be so advanced that whiz wonders how his bringing close togethers was received during his conviction.An example of his ideas can be seen in the following statements, The benevolent nerve of fabrication has alternated considerably Whereas the gentlemans gentleman problems of industry were regarded until belatedly as lying at heart the strict province of the specialist, it is flat author to be realized that a gain statement of such problems is neces sary to the potent thinking of every business executive and every economic expert (p. 1).an bare-assed(prenominal)(prenominal) issue that is interesting about this sustain is the fact that the author foc single-valued functiond his explore non on how to maximize fruit and how to increase the productivity on the ass of correct usage of technology. Mayo went the other route and he set his sights on the human aspect of industry. It was such a refreshing view and its effect no doubt is to reawaken the businessmans passion for plenty and reinvigorate the administrators basic belief that the most important resource is not the lancinating materials and the machineries needed to create reli fitteds and services al sensation the people puzzle outing for the society.Mayo admit that the foray into the human aspect of industrialization is a fairly recent endeavor. He traced this development in the early look for of Englands Sir William Mather of the firm of Mather and Platt in M anchester. Mather tested on step-down the weekly hours of working. The result was positivistic and occupation increased while there is a squ atomic number 18 reduction of time lost. From this experiment Mayo expressed amazement at this breakthrough. For the graduation exercise time there is now a documented body of express that improving work conditions can break the cogency of the operations.But Mayo was prompt to point out that the notwithstanding significant development coming from this make outy is the understructure of the forty-eight hour week in the arsenals and dockyards of the British government (p.2). Mayo lamented still that, apart from this, the results of the experiment did not pencil lead to any customary adoption of resembling regularitys on the part of the privately owned establishments (p.2).FatigueAccording to Mayo the general disregard for this revolutionary idea of the positive effects of improving working conditions go on until the World str uggles came. In this special good deal behaviorists and like-minded individuals were exposed for the very first time on the varying forces and factors that locomote a large ordered series outturn area such as those that produces munitions for the war. seemingly no one had ever sufficiently considered the enormous demand upon industry that would be nonionic by a war-machine organized upon so heroic a scale The authorities became aware of the national wish of knowledge of the primary laws governing human cleverness (p.2).MonotonyIn the recently described problem of sustained application and legal workload, the government created health committees to establish the continuous ability of worker to do at a higher level. The same(p) health committee was subject to discover that wear is not the only problem. on that point is also such a thing as monotony ca utilize by continual work. Dr. H. M. Vernon, one of the influential members of the committee and display board sugg ested two possible solutions to this problem 1) the use of rest-pause (or taking breaks) and 2) creating variety in exigent work (p.29).At his point it is good to take a pause and re-examine one of the highpoints of the book. In the description of major concepts or major problems that human beings shell in the industrialized world, Mayo was able to build a believable cheek. Again, one has to remember that this was written from a world view that just came out of the plain economy of the anile world. In that gray-haired appearance of doing things, management of workers depended on a very crude method of determine what to do and what not to do.In the agricultural system workers are dictated by nature and the seasons. In other words, spend is the time for plant and winter is the time for rest. Crops mature, gets harvested and a new cycle of planting begins. The seasons of harvest and of the four major clime changes were the only needed time gear up which man uses to crea te a human resource management scheme.In the industrial age everything was different. When factories were build and warehouses were made, men and women are placed inside shelters that are not affected by weather and climate. at heart these workplaces people can even work on 24 hour shifts 12 months a year, winter, spring, summer and fall. That transition from the old to the new was expertly captured by Elton Mayo in the introductory chapters when he was describing the nature of fatigue and monotony.No doubt fatigue and monotony are not unshared in the industrial age nevertheless there was no way of legal transfer it into focus and there is no way of placing it in an environment where it could be studied. Mayo was successful in victimization the panorama of the two World Wars to ply a backdrop and some needed course amongst the farming systems and the industries that sprang up in the 20th ascorbic acid. Mayo could have apply other examples to show forth the differences bet ween the two worlds but the readers may not be able to appreciate it as much as when he used the historical development of the early 1900s. By doing so, the readers could see the transition from farm to industries. therefore he was able to paint the demo of the new human problems encountered in the new scheme of doing things.Not Merely amend ConditionsElton Mayo was not but at ease in sharing groundbreaking research. rightful(prenominal) like every researcher expense his salt, Mayo pushed the newly discovered idea to the limit. In re-examining the Hawthorne experiment, the author was implying that it is not merely the improving of working conditions that affected the efficiency of workers but it is due to a boniface of other factors and one of them is called morale.In succeeding chapters Mayo was able to justify morale and gave examples to illustrate it. His favorite theoretical account though is an organization called the Western electric automobile Company. He listed the innovative ways that the company tried just to improve efficiency 1) nutrition ( door to an affordable restaurant 2) access to clinic/hospital 3) training opportunities 4) vacation packages etcetera This prompted him to say, an unmistakable determination to fulfill tender-hearted intention to the utmost (p. 99).Society and industriousnessSurprisingly, the author did not rest in the fact that he had discovered something in reality revolutionary. Instead of stopping he keep on with his research. It may be an understatement that he was trying his best to get to the cigarette of things. After the numerous experiments that brought the readers from a nineteenth century firm to World War I munition factory and thence to an Electric Company, Mayo did not only wanted to be diverse but he also wanted to change the conditions of the experiment. In the latter part of the book he described the effects of the environment or the society in the ability of workers to give a decent output. To h ave a good feedback Mayo chose areas where vice is a problem.Governments and IndustryTo complete his holistic approach Mayo has to tackle the mathematical function of governments. He was confident in proverb that the form of government is insignificant since human problems in the industrial age mud the same wherever one goes. By reaching this part of the research one can say that Mayo has come full circle and was able to show not only that there is a need to look closely into the human aspect of industry but also that there are many factors to be considered.ConclusionThe way the book builds its case and the flow of information is very live up to for both the student and researcher. Mayo was able to slowly build his case exploitation a not so heavy historical approach. By using highpoint in the history of man, he was able to provide a sketch of how human problems in the industrial age came to be.He was not only able to show the attain of the problems but Mayo was also able to show convincingly the cures for this ills. To make his short letter rock solid he was not merely content on using feedbacks from one particular source or even one particular method of study. He brought the readers to insights in human behavior in the late 19th century and demonstrated that it was consistent even aft(prenominal) the turn of the century.By using nonuple sources of data the readers can be easily convinced about the assertions made in the book. In so doing the author was able to make it clear what he meant by, The tender Problems of An industrial Civilization.ReferencesMayo, Elton(1933) The Human Problems of An Industrial Civilization. In K. Thompson (Ed.)The Early Sociology of Management and Organizations. peeled York Routledge.